Message-Id: <199706110915.FAA18652@delorie.com>
From: "Warp" <wjackson AT powerup DOT com DOT au>
To: "OpenDOS Devel" <opendos-developer AT delorie DOT com>,
        "Mr M S Aitchison" <physmsa AT cantua DOT canterbury DOT ac DOT nz>
Subject: Here is the Linux Kernel hackers guide
Date: Wed, 11 Jun 1997 19:21:39 +1000
MIME-Version: 1.0
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This is a multi-part message in MIME format.

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Here is the Kernel Hackers Guide.  It contains info on the structure of
Linux for those who are porting application etc to OpenDOS

Warp

It is in PostSCript format.
(It is only available in this or .dvi or .tex)

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64=0A=
1855 =
y(b)o(y)i(some)g(compan)o(y's)f(p)q(olitics,)j(and)e(the)h(k)o(ernel)f=0A=
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%%Page: 5 6=0A=
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b =
FH(of)d(course,)i(for)e(starting)h(this)g(whole)g(time)g(sink,)i(and)e(fo=
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904 y FD(Stanley)i(Scalsky)l(,)23 b FH(for)15 =
b(helping)i(do)q(cumen)o(t)e=0A=
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b FH(for)14 =
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b FH(for)19 b(the)g(review)g(of)g =
FC(Writing)h(UNIX)f(Devic)n(e)g(Drivers)k=0A=
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b(section)h(on)f(writing)h=0A=
(device)g(driv)o(ers.)150 1270 y FD(Lin)o(ux)i(Journal,)25=0A=
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y(on)j(the)g(KHG)g(on)g=0A=
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b FH(for)15 =
b(tolerating)i(and)f(encouraging)g(me)g(ev)o(en)h(when)f(I)h(sp)q=0A=
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y(on)f(crazy)g(stu\013)g(lik)o(e)i(Lin)o(ux.)150=0A=
1723 y Fz(Cop)n(yrigh)n(t)k(Ac)n(kno)n(wledgemen)n(ts:)150=0A=
1902 y FD(Lin)o(ux)d(Memory)e(Managemen)o(t:)24 b FH(The)43=0A=
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1965 y(c)1571 1966 y FG(\015)g FH(1993)e(Mic)o(hael)j(K.)264=0A=
2031 y(Johnson)g(and)h(Douglas)f(R.)g(Johnson.)150 2131 y =
FD(Ho)o(w)i(System)=0A=
f(Calls)j(W)l(ork:)k =
FH(The)d(original)h(v)o(ersion)g(of)e(this)i(do)q(cumen)=0A=
o(t)f(is)h(cop)o(yrigh)o(t)1806 2130 y(c)1794 2131 y FG(\015)f=0A=
FH(1993)264 2196 y(Stanley)c(Scalsky)l(.)k(Some)15 b(c)o(hanges)h(cop)o=0A=
(yrigh)o(t)1105 2195 y(c)1093 2196 y FG(\015)f =
FH(1993)f(Mic)o(hael)i(K.)g=0A=
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b FH(The)41 =
b(original)g(v)o(ersion)g(of)f(this)g(do)q(cumen)o(t)h(is)g(cop)o=0A=
(y-)264 2361 y(righ)o(t)385 2360 y(c)372 2361 y FG(\015)15=0A=
b FH(1993)e(Ric)o(k)m(ard)i(E.)f(F)l(aith.)19 b(Some)14 =
b(mo)q(di\014cations)=0A=
h(are)f(cop)o(yrigh)o(t)1582 2360 y(c)1570 2361 y FG(\015)g=0A=
FH(1993)f(Mic)o(hael)i(K.)264 2425 y(Johnson.)20 b(The)15 =
b(author)f(has)h=0A=
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b(original)h(cop)o(yrigh)o(t)f=0A=
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b(stil)r(l)g(apply)h(to)f(any)g(work)h=0A=
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6 6 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 1913 -100 a FH(vi)432 88 y(Cop)o(yrigh)o(t)661=0A=
87 y(c)649 88 y FG(\015)19 b FH(1993)e(Ric)o(k)m(ard)j(E.)e(F)l(aith)g=0A=
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383 =
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b(do)264 448 =
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FH(.)j(The)c(original)i(is)f(a)o(v)m(ailable)i(for)264=0A=
512 =
y(anon)o(ymous)c(ftp)h(as)g(ftp.cs.unc.edu:/pub/faith/pap)q(ers/scsi.pap)=0A=
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7 7 bop 150 461 a Fx(Con)m(ten)m(ts)150 761 y FD(0)42 b(Before)18=0A=
b(Y)l(ou)g(Begin)p FB(:)8 b(:)g(:)1247 b FD(1)218 849 y FH(0.1)46=0A=
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b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g=
(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)91 b FH(1)218 936 y(0.2)46 b(Assumptions)e=0A=
FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g=0A=
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b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g=
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1158 y FD(1)42 b(Device)18 b(Driv)o(ers)1367 b(4)218 1245 y=0A=
FH(1.1)46 b(What)14 b(is)i(a)f(Device)h(Driv)o(er?)40 b FB(:)23=0A=
b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f=
(:)g=0A=
(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)91 b FH(4)218 1333 y(1.2)46=0A=
b(User-space)15 b(device)i(driv)o(ers)12 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(=
:)g=0A=
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b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)91 b FH(6)323=0A=
1509 y(1.2.2)50 b(Example:)21 b(mouse)15 b(con)o(v)o(ersion)25=0A=
b =
FB(:)e(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)=
h=0A=
(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)91 b FH(8)218 1597 y(1.3)46 b(Device)16=0A=
b(Driv)o(er)f(Basics)28 b FB(:)23 =
b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g=0A=
(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(=
:)f=0A=
(:)91 b FH(8)323 1685 y(1.3.1)50 b(Namespace)38 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(=
:)g=0A=
(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)91 b FH(8)323 1772 y(1.3.2)50=0A=
b(Allo)q(cating)17 b(memory)i =
FB(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g=0A=
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b FH(8)323 1860 y(1.3.3)50 b(Character)15 =
b(vs.)f(blo)q(c)o(k)i(devices)36=0A=
b FB(:)23 =
b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f=0A=
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b(vs.)20 b(P)o(olling)44 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69=0A=
b FH(10)323 2036 y(1.3.5)50 b(The)16 =
b(sleep-w)o(ak)o(eup)g(mec)o(hanism)27=0A=
b FB(:)22 =
b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h=0A=
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b(VFS)41 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69=0A=
b FH(13)218 2212 y(1.4)46 b(Character)14 b(Device)i(Driv)o(ers)42=0A=
b FB(:)23 =
b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g=0A=
(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(20)323 2300=0A=
y(1.4.1)50 b(Initialization)43 b FB(:)23 =
b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)=0A=
f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g=
(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)69 b FH(21)323 2387 y(1.4.2)50 b(In)o(terrupts)15 b(vs.)20=0A=
b(P)o(olling)44 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(21)323=0A=
2475 y(1.4.3)50 b(TTY)15 b(driv)o(ers)45 b FB(:)23 =
b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(=
:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(24)1025 2678 y(vii)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 8 9=0A=
8 8 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a Fw(CONTENTS)1480 b FH(viii)218=0A=
88 y(1.5)46 b(Blo)q(c)o(k)16 b(Device)g(Driv)o(ers)21 b =
FB(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)=0A=
f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g=
(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(24)323 176 y(1.5.1)50 =
b(Initialization)43=0A=
b FB(:)23 =
b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g=0A=
(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b=0A=
FH(25)323 264 y(1.5.2)50 b(The)16 b(Bu\013er)g(Cac)o(he)e FB(:)22=0A=
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h=
(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(26)323 352 y(1.5.3)50=0A=
b(The)16 b(Strategy)e(Routine)38 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g=0A=
(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69=0A=
b FH(26)323 440 y(1.5.4)50 b(Example)16 b(Driv)o(ers)32 b FB(:)22=0A=
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h=
(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(27)218 528 y(1.6)46=0A=
b(Supp)q(orting)16 b(F)l(unctions)47 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(=
:)g=0A=
(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(27)218 615 y(1.7)46 b(W)l(riting)16 =
b(a)e(SCSI)i(Device)g=0A=
(Driv)o(er)24 b =
FB(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)=0A=
g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(42)323=0A=
703 y(1.7.1)50 b(Wh)o(y)15 =
b(Y)l(ou)g(W)l(an)o(t)g(to)f(W)l(rite)i(a)f(SCSI)h=0A=
(Driv)o(er)38 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)69 b FH(42)323 791 y(1.7.2)50 b(What)15 b(is)g(SCSI?)37=0A=
b FB(:)22 =
b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(43)323=0A=
879 y(1.7.3)50 b(SCSI)16 b(Commands)27 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)=0A=
f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g=
(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)69 b FH(46)323 967 y(1.7.4)50 b(Getting)15 b(Started)h=0A=
FB(:)22 =
b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(48)323=0A=
1055 y(1.7.5)50 b(Before)15 b(Y)l(ou)h(Begin:)21 b(Gathering)15=0A=
b(T)l(o)q(ols)h FB(:)22 =
b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(48)323 1143 y(1.7.6)50 b(The)16=0A=
b(Lin)o(ux)g(SCSI)g(In)o(terface)31 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69=0A=
b FH(49)323 1230 y(1.7.7)50 b(The)16 b FE(Scsi)p 661 1230 15=0A=
2 v 16 w(Host)f FH(Structure)38 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69=0A=
b FH(49)323 1318 y(1.7.8)50 b(The)16 b FE(Scsi)p 661 1318 V=0A=
16 w(Cmnd)f FH(Structure)38 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g=0A=
(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b=0A=
FH(63)218 1406 y(1.8)46 b(Ac)o(kno)o(wledgemen)o(ts)29 b FB(:)22=0A=
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h=
(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(66)218=0A=
1494 y(1.9)46 b(Net)o(w)o(ork)14 b(Device)i(Driv)o(ers)37 b=0A=
FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g=0A=
(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(66)150 1627=0A=
y FD(2)42 b(The)18 b FE(/proc)f FD(\014lesystem)1211 b(67)218=0A=
1715 y FH(2.1)46 b FE(/proc)14 b FH(Directories)i(and)f(Files)37=0A=
b FB(:)22 =
b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(67)218 1803=0A=
y(2.2)46 b(Structure)15 b(of)g(the)g(/pro)q(c)g(\014lesystem)37=0A=
b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(75)218 1891 y(2.3)46 b(Programming)14=0A=
b(the)h(/pro)q(c)g(\014lesystem)40 b FB(:)23 =
b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)=0A=
g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69=0A=
b FH(76)150 2024 y FD(3)42 b(The)18 b(Lin)o(ux)g(sc)o(heduler)1212=0A=
b(85)218 2112 y FH(3.1)46 b(The)15 b(co)q(de)45 b FB(:)23 =
b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(=
:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(86)150=0A=
2245 y FD(4)42 b(Ho)o(w)17 b(System)f(Calls)j(W)l(ork)1121=0A=
b(90)218 2333 y FH(4.1)46 b(What)14 =
b(Do)q(es)h(the)h(386)e(Pro)o(vide?)42=0A=
b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(90)218 2421 y(4.2)46=0A=
b(Ho)o(w)14 b(Lin)o(ux)j(Uses)e(In)o(terrupts)g(and)h(Exceptions)41=0A=
b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)69 b FH(92)218 2509 y(4.3)46 b(Ho)o(w)14 =
b(Lin)o(ux)j(Initializes)h(the)d=0A=
(system)g(call)h(v)o(ectors)43 b FB(:)23 =
b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)=0A=
h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(93)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 9 10=0A=
9 9 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a Fw(CONTENTS)1505 b FH(ix)218=0A=
88 y(4.4)46 b(Ho)o(w)14 b(to)h(Add)h(Y)l(our)f(Own)g(System)g(Calls)24=0A=
b =
FB(:)e(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)=
f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(94)150 222 y FD(5)42 b(Lin)o(ux)18 b(Memory)f=0A=
(Managemen)o(t)1027 b(96)218 310 y FH(5.1)46 b(Ov)o(erview)c=0A=
FB(:)23 =
b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(=
:)69=0A=
b FH(96)218 397 y(5.2)46 b(Ph)o(ysical)16 b(memory)28 b FB(:)22=0A=
b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g=
(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(98)218=0A=
485 y(5.3)46 b(A)15 b(user)g(pro)q(cess')g(view)h(of)f(memory)i=0A=
FB(:)23 =
b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)69 b FH(99)218 573 y(5.4)46 b(Memory)14=0A=
b(Managemen)o(t)g(data)h(in)h(the)f(pro)q(cess)h(table)29 b=0A=
FB(:)22 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46=0A=
b FH(100)218 661 y(5.5)g(Memory)14 b(initialization)49 b FB(:)22=0A=
b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g=
(:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46 b FH(101)323 749=0A=
y(5.5.1)k(Pro)q(cesses)15 b(and)h(the)f(Memory)g(Manager)31=0A=
b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)46 b FH(101)218 837 y(5.6)g(Acquiring)16 =
b(and)g(F)l(reeing)g(Memory:)j(P)=0A=
o(aging)c(P)o(olicy)43 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)=0A=
f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46 b FH(103)218 924 y(5.7)g(The)15 =
b(page)g(fault)h(handlers)=0A=
37 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)=0A=
f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46 b FH(105)218=0A=
1012 y(5.8)g(P)o(aging)21 b =
FB(:)h(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)=0A=
h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f=
(:)g=0A=
(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46 b FH(106)218 1100 y(5.9)g(80386)14=0A=
b(Memory)g(Mangamen)o(t)37 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)=0A=
h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46=0A=
b FH(108)323 1188 y(5.9.1)k(P)o(aging)15 b(on)g(the)g(386)39=0A=
b FB(:)23 =
b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g=0A=
(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46 b FH(108)323=0A=
1276 y(5.9.2)k(Segmen)o(ts)15 b(in)h(the)g(80386)23 b =
FB(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(=
:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)46 b FH(109)323 1364 y(5.9.3)k(Selectors)16 b(in)g(the)f(80386)35=0A=
b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46 b FH(111)323 1451 =
y(5.9.4)k(Segmen)o(t)=0A=
15 b(descriptors)38 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46=0A=
b FH(112)323 1539 y(5.9.5)k(Macros)14 b(used)i(in)g(setting)f(up)h=0A=
(descriptors)44 b FB(:)23 =
b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46 b FH(114)150 1673 y FD(A)29 b(Bibliograph)o(y)1363=0A=
b(116)218 1760 y FH(A.1)35 b(Normal)15 b(Bibliograph)o(y)23=0A=
b =
FB(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)=
h=0A=
(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46 b FH(116)218=0A=
1848 y(A.2)35 b(Annotated)15 b(Bibliograph)o(y)31 b FB(:)22=0A=
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h=
(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46 b FH(117)150 1982 y FD(B)31=0A=
b(T)l(our)18 b(of)g(the)g(Lin)o(ux)f(k)o(ernel)h(source)929=0A=
b(124)218 2069 y FH(B.1)37 b(Bo)q(oting)15 b(the)g(system)j=0A=
FB(:)k(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)=
g(:)=0A=
h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46 b FH(125)218=0A=
2157 y(B.2)37 b(Spinning)17 b(the)e(wheel)27 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(=
:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46 b FH(126)218 2245 y(B.3)37 b(Ho)o(w)14=0A=
b(the)i(k)o(ernel)g(sees)f(a)g(pro)q(cess)28 b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g=0A=
(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(=
:)f=0A=
(:)46 b FH(127)218 2333 y(B.4)37 b(Creating)15 =
b(and)g(destro)o(ying)g(pro)q=0A=
(cesses)46 b FB(:)23 =
b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)=0A=
g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46 b FH(128)218 2421 y(B.5)37=0A=
b(Executing)16 b(programs)39 b FB(:)23 =
b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(=
:)h=0A=
(:)f(:)46 b FH(128)218 2509 y(B.6)37 b(Accessing)16 b(\014lesystems)22=0A=
b =
FB(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)=
h=0A=
(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46 b FH(129)p=0A=
eop=0A=
%%Page: 10 11=0A=
10 10 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a Fw(CONTENTS)1518 b FH(x)218=0A=
88 y(B.7)37 b(Quic)o(k)16 =
b(Anatom)o(y)e(of)h(a)g(Filesystem)h(T)o(yp)q(e)46=0A=
b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46 b FH(130)218 176 y(B.8)37 b(The)15 =
b(console)h(driv)o(er)38=0A=
b FB(:)22 =
b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f=0A=
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)46=0A=
b FH(132)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 1 12=0A=
1 11 bop 150 438 a Fv(Chapter)34 b(0)150 686 y Fx(Before)42=0A=
b(Y)-10 b(ou)39 b(Begin)p Fu(:)17 b(:)d(:)150 961 y Ft(0.1)70=0A=
b(T)n(yp)r(ographical)23 b(Con)n(v)n(en)n(tions)150 1090 y=0A=
FD(Bold)194 b FH(Used)12 b(to)f(mark)g FD(new)i(concepts)p=0A=
FH(,)f FD(W)-6 b(ARNINGS)p FH(,)12 b(and)g FD(k)o(eyw)o(ords)e=0A=
FH(in)i(a)f(language.)150 1193 y FC(italics)182 b FH(Used)19=0A=
b(for)f FC(emphasis)g =
FH(in)h(text,)f(and)h(o)q(ccasionally)h(for)d(quotes)h=0A=
(or)g(in)o(tro)q(ductions)i(at)450 1258 y(the)15 =
b(b)q(eginning)j(of)c(a)h=0A=
(section.)150 1361 y Fw(slan)o(ted)160 b FH(Used)18 b(to)e(mark)h=0A=
FD(meta-v)m(ariables)i =
FH(in)f(the)g(text,)e(esp)q(ecially)k(in)e(represen)o=0A=
(tations)f(of)450 1426 y(the)e(command)g(line.)22 b(F)l(or)14=0A=
b(example,)550 1528 y FE(ls)24 b(-l)14 b Fw(fo)q(o)450 1631=0A=
y FH(where)j Fw(fo)q(o)f FH(w)o(ould)h(\\stand)f(for")g(a)g(\014lename,)i=0A=
(suc)o(h)f(as)f FE(/bin/cp)p FH(.)24 b(Sometimes,)17 b(this)450=0A=
1695 =
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207 2498 y FA(2)225 2513 y =
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k(If)17 =
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y(Creating)k(device)j(driv)o(ers)e(for)f(Lin)o=0A=
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q(ermissions,)i(and)f(can)f(do)150 779 y(an)o(ything)13 =
b(it)h(w)o(an)o(ts)d=0A=
(to:)19 b(write)13 =
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996 =
y(Also,)e(y)o(our)f(driv)o(er)h(will)h(run)f(in)h(k)o(ernel)g(mo)q(de,)e=0A=
(and)h(the)g(Lin)o(ux)h(k)o(ernel,)g(lik)o(e)g(most)e Fn(un)p=0A=
FB(?)p Fn(x)g FH(k)o(ernels,)150 1060 y(is)h(non-pre-emptible.)21=0A=
b(This)14 =
b(means)f(that)f(if)i(y)o(ou)f(driv)o(er)g(tak)o(es)g(a)f(long)i=0A=
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b(user-mo)q(de)h(pre-emptiv)o(e)g(sc)o(heduling)h(do)q(es)e(not)g=0A=
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(erything)h(written)f(here)h(as)f(a)g(guide,)150 1341 y(and)21=0A=
b(no)f(more.)35 b(I)21 =
b(cannot)f(guaran)o(tee)g(that)f(this)i(c)o(hapter)g=0A=
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1470 y(exactly)l(.)31 b(It)18 =
b(is)i(highly)g(unlik)o(ely)h(that)d(y)o(ou)g=0A=
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1534 =
y(There)e(is)g(only)g(one)g(\\infallible")j(direction)e(I)f(can)g(giv)o=0A=
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b(up)h(b)q(efore)g(y)o(ou)=0A=
g(test)150 1598 =
y(y)o(our)f(new)g(device)i(driv)o(er,)e(or)g(y)o(ou)f(ma)o(y)=0A=
h(regret)g(it)g(later.)150 1775 y Ft(1.2)70 b(User-space)22=0A=
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FH(It)d(is)h(not)f(alw)o(a)o(ys)f(necessary)=0A=
h(to)g(write)g(a)g(device)i(driv)o(er)e(for)g(a)g(device,)i(esp)q(ecially=
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FE(mmap\(\))e =
FH(call)j(to)d(map)h(some)g(of)g(y)o(our)g(pro)q(cess)h(memory)=0A=
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b FE(mmap\(\))p FH('ing)e(a)i(section)g(of)f(/dev/mem.)36 b(When)21=0A=
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(d)j(an)r(d)f(p)q(o)s(s)q(s)r(i)r(b)s(l)r(y)g(fou)s(r)r(t)q(h)h(b)o(y)f(t=
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b(device)g(driv)o(ers)1075 b FH(6)221 88 y(If)20 b(y)o(our)f(driv)o(er)h=0A=
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(need)h(to)f(write)h(a)f(real)g(device)i(driv)o(er,)f(as)f(there)g(is)h(n=
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y(deliv)o(er)g(in)o=0A=
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b(the)g(DOSEMU)f(pro)s=0A=
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b(the)f(SIG)h(\(Silly)g=0A=
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b(\(I)f(b)q(eliev)o(e)i=0A=
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h(fast,)f(and)g(should)150 410 =
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y(hardw)o(are)g(to)h(alert)=0A=
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y(when)d(setting)f(up)h(y)o(our)f(hardw)o(are;)f(an)h(IR)o(Q)h(is)g(an)f=0A=
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691 =
y(when)i(the)g(device)i(w)o(an)o(ts)c(to)i(talk)g(to)f(the)h(driv)o(er.)=0A=
28 b(This)19 =
b(ma)o(y)e(b)q(e)h(b)q(ecause)h(it)f(has)g(data)f(to)g(giv)o(e)i=0A=
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b(is)i(similar)f(to)f(user-lev)o(el)i(pro)q=0A=
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FH(so)d(similar)i(that)e=0A=
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FH(structure)i(is)g(used)h(in)f(the)g(k)o(ernel)=0A=
h(to)e(deal)i(with)150 949 =
y(in)o(terrupts)f(as)f(is)h(used)g(in)g(user-lev)o=0A=
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b(signals)i(deliv)o(ered)g(to)d=0A=
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1229 =
y(user-space)e(device)g(driv)o(er)g(will)h(not)e(b)q(e)h(su\016cien)o(t)=0A=
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FH(A)d(go)q(o)q(d)g(example)h(of)f(a)g(user-space)h=0A=
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b(standard)e FE(read\(\))h FH(and)150 1563 y FE(write\(\))14=0A=
b =
FH(calls)i(are)f(really)h(inadequate)g(for)e(writing)i(a)f(really)h(fast)=
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(graphics)h(driv)o(er,)g(and)h(so)e(instead)150 1628 y(there)i(is)g(a)f=0A=
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y(pro)q(cesses)14 b(whic)o(h)f(use)h(it)f FD(m)o(ust)f =
FH(run)i(setuid)g(ro)q=0A=
(ot,)e(b)q(ecause)i(it)g(uses)f(the)g FE(ioperm\(\))f =
FH(system)h(call.)20=0A=
b(It)13 b(is)150 1756 =
y(p)q(ossible)j(for)e(a)g(pro)q(cess)g(that)g(is)g(not)=0A=
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(a)f(group)h FE(mem)150 1821 y FH(or)g FE(kmem)g =
FH(whic)o(h)h(is)g(allo)o(w)=0A=
o(ed)g(write)g(p)q(ermission)h(to)d(/dev/mem)i(and)f(the)h(pro)q(cess)g(i=
s)g=0A=
(prop)q(erly)g(setgid,)150 1885 =
y(but)g(only)h(a)f(pro)q(cess)g(running)i(as)=0A=
e(ro)q(ot)f(can)h(execute)h(the)f FE(ioperm\(\))f FH(call.)221=0A=
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b(are)f(sev)o(eral)h(I/O)g(p)q(orts)g(asso)q(ciated)g(with)g=0A=
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2037 y(names)12 b(for)g(this)h(with)f FE(#define)g =
FH(statemen)o(ts,)f(and)i=0A=
(then)f(issues)h(the)g FE(ioperm\(\))e =
FH(call)j(lik)o(e)f(this)g(to)e(mak)o=0A=
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y(it)k(p)q(ossible)i(for)e(the)g(pro)q(cess)h(to)e(read)h(and)h=0A=
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y(fail)d(is)g(that)e(it)i(is)f(not)g(b)q(eing)i(called)f=0A=
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FE(<linux/asm>)p =
FH(,)c(but)h(will)i(only)e(w)o(ork)f(if)h(y)o(ou)g(compile)h=0A=
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FE(-O)p FC(?)f FH(to)f(gcc.)20 b(Read)c FE(<linux/asm>)e =
FH(for)g(details.)=0A=
221 640 y(After)19 b(arranging)g(for)g(p)q(ort)g(I/O,)g FE(vgalib)g=0A=
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y(if)h(\(\(mem_fd)f(=3D)i(open\("/dev/mem",)c=0A=
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y(if)g(\(\(graph_mem)f(=3D)h=0A=
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y(PROT_READ|PROT_WR)o(ITE,)438 1780 y(MAP_SHARED|MAP_FI)o(XED,)438=0A=
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FH(is)g(the)g(size)h(of)e(V)o(GA)150 2425 y(memory)l(,)22 b(and)f=0A=
FE(GRAPH)p 559 2425 V 17 w(BASE)f =
FH(is)i(the)f(\014rst)g(address)g(of)g(V)o=0A=
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FE(mmap\(\))p FH(,)f(the)h(pro)q(cess)g(is)g(actually)h(writing)f(to)f=0A=
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%%Page: 8 19=0A=
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j(driv)o(er,)e(but)f(do)q(es)h(not)f(liv)o(e)i(in)f(k)o(ernel)150=0A=
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b(y)o(ou)f(can)g(also)h(mak)o(e)e(a)h(\014fo,)h(or)e(named)i=0A=
(pip)q(e.)28 b(This)18 =
b(usually)h(liv)o(es)f(in)g(the)g(/dev/)f(directory)=0A=
150 334 =
y(\(although)i(it)g(do)q(esn't)g(need)h(to\))e(and)i(acts)e(substan)o=0A=
(tially)i(lik)o(e)h(a)d(device)j(once)e(set)g(up.)32 =
b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)150=0A=
399 y(\014fo's)15 =
b(are)f(one-directional)k(only)d(|)h(they)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g=0A=
(one)g(reader)h(and)f(one)g(writer.)221 487 y(F)l(or)20 =
b(instance,)j(it)e=0A=
(used)h(to)e(b)q(e)i(that)e(if)h(y)o(ou)g(had)g(a)g(PS/2-st)o(yle)g(mouse=
,)h=0A=
(and)f(w)o(an)o(ted)f(to)h(run)150 551 y(XF)l(ree86,)12 =
b(y)o(ou)g(had)g(to)g=0A=
(create)f(a)h(\014fo)g(called)i(/dev/mouse,)e(and)g(run)h(a)f(program)f=0A=
(called)i(mcon)o(v)f(whic)o(h)150 615 y(read)17 b(PS/2)h(mouse)f=0A=
(\\droppings")h(from)e(/dev/psaux,)i(and)g(wrote)e(the)i(equiv)m(alen)o(t=
)h=0A=
(microsoft-st)o(yle)150 680 y(\\droppings")c(to)f(/dev/mouse.)19=0A=
b(Then)c(XF)l(ree86)f(w)o(ould)h(read)f(the)h(\\droppings")g(from)e=0A=
(/dev/mouse,)150 744 =
y(and)i(it)h(w)o(ould)f(b)q(e)h(as)f(if)h(there)f(w)o=0A=
(ere)g(a)g(microsoft)f(mouse)i(connected)g(to)e(/dev/mouse.)1692=0A=
727 y Fm(3)150 921 y Ft(1.3)70 b(Device)20 b(Driv)n(er)i(Basics)150=0A=
1054 y =
FH(W)l(e)e(will)h(assume)f(that)f(y)o(ou)g(decide)i(that)e(y)o(ou)g=0A=
(do)h(not)f(wish)i(to)e(write)g(a)h(user-space)g(device,)i(and)150=0A=
1118 y(w)o(ould)13 =
b(rather)f(implemen)o(t)i(y)o(our)e(device)j(in)e(the)g(k)=0A=
o(ernel.)20 b(Y)l(ou)13 =
b(will)h(probably)f(b)q(e)h(writing)f(writing)g(t)o=0A=
(w)o(o)150 1183 y(\014les,)j(a)g FE(.c)f FH(\014le)i(and)f(a)g=0A=
FE(.h)f =
FH(\014le,)i(and)f(p)q(ossibly)h(mo)q(difying)g(other)e(\014les)i(as)=0A=
e(w)o(ell,)i(as)e(will)j(b)q(e)e(describ)q(ed)150 1247 =
y(b)q(elo)o(w.)k(W)l=0A=
(e)15 =
b(will)h(refer)f(to)f(y)o(our)g(\014les)h(as)f(fo)q(o.c)g(and)h(fo)q=0A=
(o.h,)f(and)h(y)o(our)f(driv)o(er)h(will)h(b)q(e)f(the)g FE(foo)f=0A=
FH(driv)o(er.)221 1335 y =
FD([Should)j(I)e(include)i(at)f(the)g(b)q(eginning)i=0A=
(of)e(this)g(section)g(an)h(example)e(of)h(c)o(hargen)h(and)150=0A=
1399 y(c)o(harsink?)30 b(Man)o(y)19 =
b(writers)i(do,)f(but)g(I)g(don't)h(kno)o=0A=
(w)d(that)j(it)f(is)g(the)g(b)q(est)g(w)o(a)o(y)l(.)29 b(I'd)20=0A=
b(lik)o(e)150 1464 y(p)q(eople's)f(opinions)f(on)g(this.])150=0A=
1617 y Fq(1.3.1)55 b(Namespace)150 1734 y FH(One)15 =
b(of)e(the)h(\014rst)g=0A=
(things)g(y)o(ou)f(will)j(need)f(to)e(do,)h(b)q(efore)g(writing)g(an)o(y)=
g=0A=
(co)q(de,)g(is)g(to)g(name)g(y)o(our)f(device.)150 1799 y(This)19=0A=
b(name)f(should)i(b)q(e)f(a)f(short)f(\(probably)i(t)o(w)o(o)e(or)h(three=
)g=0A=
(c)o(haracter\))f(string.)30 b(F)l(or)17 b(instance,)j(the)150=0A=
1863 y(parallel)c(device)g(is)f(the)g(\\)p FE(lp)p FH(")e(device,)j(the)f=0A=
(\015oppies)g(are)g(the)f(\\)p FE(fd)p =
FH(")g(devices,)i(and)e(SCSI)h(disks)h=0A=
(are)e(the)150 1927 y(\\)p FE(sd)p FH(")j(devices.)27 b(As)18=0A=
b(y)o(ou)f(write)g(y)o(our)g(driv)o(er,)h(y)o(ou)f(will)i(giv)o(e)f(y)o(o=
ur)f=0A=
(functions)h(names)f(pre\014xed)i(with)150 1992 y(y)o(our)f(c)o(hosen)g=0A=
(string)h(to)f(a)o(v)o(oid)g(an)o(y)g(namespace)g(confusion.)31=0A=
b(W)l(e)18 b(will)i(call)g(y)o(our)d(pre\014x)i FE(foo,)g FH(and)150=0A=
2056 y(giv)o(e)c(y)o(our)g(functions)h(names)f(lik)o(e)i FE(foo)p=0A=
841 2056 15 2 v 16 w(read\(\),)23 b(foo)p 1120 2056 V 17 w(write\(\),)14=0A=
b FH(etc.)150 2209 y Fq(1.3.2)55 b(Allo)r(cating)18 b(memor)o(y)150=0A=
2326 y =
FH(Memory)j(allo)q(cation)j(in)f(the)f(k)o(ernel)h(is)g(a)f(little)i=0A=
(di\013eren)o(t)f(from)f(memory)f(allo)q(cation)j(in)f(normal)150=0A=
2391 y(user-lev)o(el)18 b(programs.)24 b(Instead)17 =
b(of)f(ha)o(ving)h(a)g=0A=
FE(malloc\(\))e FH(capable)j(of)f(deliv)o(ering)h(almost)f(unlimited)p=0A=
150 2430 720 2 v 207 2458 a FA(3)225 2473 y =
Fl(Ev)q(e)r(n)i(th)q(o)s(u)r(g)s=0A=
(h)g(XF)o(r)r(e)r(e)r(8)r(6)g(is)e(no)q(w)h(ab)r(l)r(e)h(to)e(rea)s(d)i(P=
S)r=0A=
(/)s(2)f(sty)r(l)r(e)g(\\d)r(r)r(o)r(p)s(p)s(i)q(n)s(g)s(s)q(")s(,)f(th)q=
(e)h=0A=
(co)r(n)r(c)r(e)r(p)s(t)r(s)g(in)g(th)q(i)r(s)g(ex)q(a)s(m)s(p)s(l)r(e)15=
0=0A=
2525 y(sti)r(l)r(l)h(sta)s(n)r(d)s(.)j(If)17 =
b(y)o(o)q(u)j(ha)q(v)q(e)f(a)d=0A=
(b)q(e)r(t)q(t)r(e)r(r)j(ex)q(a)r(m)t(p)s(l)q(e)r(,)f(I'd)h(b)q(e)g(gl)q(=
a)r=0A=
(d)h(to)d(se)q(e)i(it.)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 9 20=0A=
9 19 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(1.3.)42 b(Device)18=0A=
b(Driv)o(er)g(Basics)1178 b FH(9)150 88 y(amoun)o(ts)14 =
b(of)h(memory)l(,)g=0A=
(there)g(is)h(a)e FE(kmalloc\(\))g FH(function)i(that)f(is)h(a)e(bit)i=0A=
(di\013eren)o(t:)218 209 y FG(\017)23 b FH(Memory)18 =
b(is)i(pro)o(vided)g(in)=0A=
h(pieces)f(whose)g(size)g(is)g(a)f(p)q(o)o(w)o(er)g(of)g(2,)h(except)g(th=
at)e=0A=
(pieces)j(larger)264 273 =
y(than)c(128)g(b)o(ytes)h(are)f(allo)q(cated)i(in)g=0A=
(blo)q(c)o(ks)f(whose)g(size)g(is)h(a)e(p)q(o)o(w)o(er)g(of)h(2)f(min)o(u=
s)i=0A=
(some)e(small)264 337 y(amoun)o(t)h(for)g(o)o(v)o(erhead.)30=0A=
b(Y)l(ou)19 =
b(can)g(request)f(an)o(y)h(o)q(dd)g(size,)h(but)f(memory)f(will)j=0A=
(not)d(b)q(e)h(used)264 402 y(an)o(y)13 =
b(more)g(e\016cien)o(tly)j(if)e(y)o=0A=
(ou)f(request)h(a)f(31-b)o(yte)h(piece)h(than)f(it)g(will)h(if)f(y)o(ou)g=0A=
(request)f(a)h(32)f(b)o(yte)264 466 y(piece.)21 b(Also,)15=0A=
b(there)g(is)g(a)g(limit)h(to)e(the)h(amoun)o(t)f(of)g(memory)h(that)f(ca=
n)h=0A=
(b)q(e)g(allo)q(cated,)h(whic)o(h)f(is)264 530 =
y(curren)o(tly)g(131056)f(b)o=0A=
(ytes.)218 630 y FG(\017)23 b FE(kmalloc\(\))13 b =
FH(tak)o(es)g(a)h(second)h=0A=
(argumen)o(t,)e(the)i(priorit)o(y)l(.)20 b(This)15 =
b(is)g(used)f(as)g(an)h=0A=
(argumen)o(t)e(to)h(the)264 695 y FE(get)p 339 695 15 2 v 16=0A=
w(free)p 451 695 V 17 w(page\(\))h =
FH(function,)i(where)g(it)f(is)h(used)f=0A=
(to)g(determine)h(when)g(to)e(return.)23 b(The)16 b(usual)264=0A=
759 y(priorit)o(y)g(is)g FE(GFP)p 550 759 V 17 w(KERNEL)p =
FH(.)e(If)i(it)g=0A=
(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)i(called)g(from)e(within)i(an)f(in)o(terrupt,)g(use)g=0A=
FE(GFP)p 1793 759 V 17 w(ATOMIC)264 823 y =
FH(and)h(b)q(e)h(truly)g(prepared)g=0A=
(for)f(it)g(to)g(fail)h(\(i.e.)f(don't)g(panic\).)27 b(This)18=0A=
b(is)g(b)q(ecause)h(if)f(y)o(ou)f(sp)q(ecify)264 888 y FE(GFP)p=0A=
339 888 V 16 w(KERNEL)p FH(,)c FE(kmalloc\(\))h =
FH(ma)o(y)f(sleep,)i(whic)o=0A=
(h)h(cannot)e(b)q(e)h(done)f(on)h(an)f(in)o(terrupt.)20 b(The)14=0A=
b(other)264 952 y(option)j(is)h FE(GFP)p 530 952 V 17 w(BUFFER)p=0A=
FH(,)e(whic)o(h)i(is)f(used)h(only)g(when)g(the)f(k)o(ernel)h(is)g(allo)q=0A=
(cating)g(bu\013er)g(space,)264 1016 =
y(and)d(nev)o(er)g(in)h(device)h(driv)o=0A=
(ers.)150 1137 y(T)l(o)12 b(free)g(memory)f(allo)q(cated)i(with)f=0A=
FE(kmalloc\(\))p FH(,)f(use)h(one)g(of)g(t)o(w)o(o)e(functions:)19=0A=
b FE(kfree\(\))11 b FH(or)g FE(kfree)p 1852 1137 V 17 w(s\(\))p=0A=
FH(.)150 1201 y(These)16 b(di\013er)g(from)f FE(free\(\))f=0A=
FH(in)i(a)f(few)g(w)o(a)o(ys)f(as)h(w)o(ell:)218 1321 y FG(\017)23=0A=
b FE(kfree\(\))14 b FH(is)h(a)g(macro)f(whic)o(h)h(calls)h=0A=
FE(kfree)p 1018 1321 V 17 w(s\(\))e =
FH(and)h(acts)g(lik)o(e)h(the)f(standard)=0A=
f FE(free\(\))g FH(outside)264 1386 y(the)h(k)o(ernel.)218=0A=
1485 y FG(\017)23 b =
FH(If)e(y)o(ou)g(kno)o(w)f(what)g(size)i(ob)s(ject)f(y)o=0A=
(ou)f(are)h(freeing,)i(y)o(ou)d(can)h(sp)q(eed)h(things)g(up)f(b)o(y)g=0A=
(calling)264 1550 y FE(kfree)p 387 1550 V 16 w(s\(\))g FH(directly)l(.)39=0A=
b(It)21 b(tak)o(es)g(t)o(w)o(o)f(argumen)o(ts:)30 b(the)22=0A=
b(\014rst)e(is)i(the)f(p)q(oin)o(ter)h(that)e(y)o(ou)h(are)264=0A=
1614 y(freeing,)14 b(as)g(in)h(the)f(single)h(argumen)o(t)f(to)f=0A=
FE(kfree\(\))p =
FH(,)g(and)h(the)g(second)h(is)g(the)f(size)h(of)e(the)i(ob)s=0A=
(ject)264 1678 y(b)q(eing)h(freed.)150 1799 y(See)g(section)g(1.6)e(for)g=0A=
(more)h(information)g(on)h FE(kmalloc\(\))p FH(,)d FE(kfree\(\))p=0A=
FH(,)h(and)h(other)g(useful)h(functions.)221 1887 =
y(The)e(other)f(w)o(a)o(y)g=0A=
(to)g(acquire)h(memory)g(is)g(to)f(allo)q(cate)i(it)f(at)f(initialization=
)k=0A=
(time.)i(Y)l(our)14 b(initializa-)150 1951 y(tion)h(function,)g=0A=
FE(foo)p 508 1951 V 17 w(init\(\))p =
FH(,)e(tak)o(es)h(one)h(argumen)o(t,)e(a)=0A=
i(p)q(oin)o(ter)g(to)f(the)h(curren)o(t)f(end)h(of)g(memory)l(.)k(It)150=0A=
2015 y(can)e(tak)o(e)g(as)f(m)o(uc)o(h)h(memory)g(as)g(it)g(w)o(an)o(ts)f=0A=
(to,)g(sa)o(v)o(e)h(a)f(p)q(oin)o(ter)i(or)f(p)q(oin)o(ters)g(to)g(that)f=0A=
(memory)l(,)h(and)150 2080 =
y(return)d(a)f(p)q(oin)o(ter)h(to)f(the)g(new)h=0A=
(end)h(of)e(memory)l(.)19 b(The)14 =
b(adv)m(an)o(tage)f(of)g(this)h(o)o(v)o=0A=
(er)e(statically)j(allo)q(cating)150 2144 y(large)h(bu\013ers)g(\()p=0A=
FE(char)23 b(bar[20000])p FH(\))14 =
b(is)i(that)f(if)h(the)f(fo)q(o)g(driv)o=0A=
(er)h(detects)g(that)f(the)g(fo)q(o)g(device)i(is)f(not)150=0A=
2208 y(attac)o(hed)f(to)g(the)h(computer,)f(the)g(memory)g(is)i(not)e(w)o=0A=
(asted.)20 b(The)c FE(init\(\))f FH(function)h(is)g(discussed)h(in)150=0A=
2273 y(Section)f(1.3.6.)221 2361 y(Be)i(gen)o(tle)g(when)h(y)o(ou)e(use)h=0A=
(kmallo)q(c.)30 b(Use)18 b(only)g(what)g(y)o(ou)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(to.)27=0A=
b(Remem)o(b)q(er)19 b(that)e(k)o(ernel)150 2425 y(memory)12=0A=
b(is)h(unsw)o(appable,)h(and)e(th)o(us)g(allo)q(cating)i(extra)e(memory)g=
(in)=0A=
h(the)g(k)o(ernel)g(is)g(a)f(far)g(w)o(orse)f(thing)150 2489=0A=
y(to)i(do)g(in)h(the)f(k)o(ernel)h(than)f(in)i(a)e(user-lev)o(el)h(progra=
m.)=0A=
19 b(T)l(ak)o(e)13 =
b(only)g(what)g(y)o(ou)g(need,)h(and)g(free)f(it)g(when)=0A=
150 2554 =
y(y)o(ou)i(are)g(done,)g(unless)h(y)o(ou)f(are)g(going)g(to)g(use)g=0A=
(it)h(righ)o(t)f(a)o(w)o(a)o(y)e(again.)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 10 21=0A=
10 20 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(1.3.)42 b(Device)18=0A=
b(Driv)o(er)g(Basics)1156 b FH(10)221 88 y FD([I)17 =
b(b)q(eliev)o(e)g(that)h=0A=
(it)f(is)g(p)q(ossible)g(to)h(allo)q(cate)h(sw)o(appable)e(memory)f(with)=
i=0A=
(the)f(vmallo)q(c)150 153 y(function,)f(but)d(that)h(will)h(b)q(e)e(do)q=0A=
(cumen)o(ted)h(in)f(the)h(VMM)e(section)i(when)f(it)h(gets)f(written.)150=0A=
217 y(In)h(the)h(mean)o(time,)h(en)o(terprising)g(hac)o(k)o(ers)e(are)h=0A=
(encouraged)h(to)f(lo)q(ok)g(it)h(up)e(themselv)o(es.])150=0A=
370 y Fq(1.3.3)55 b(Character)19 b(vs.)f(blo)r(c)n(k)g(devices)150=0A=
488 y =
FH(There)e(are)g(t)o(w)o(o)e(main)j(t)o(yp)q(es)f(of)f(devices)j(under)=0A=
e(all)h Fn(un)p FB(?)p Fn(x)f =
FH(systems,)f(c)o(haracter)g(and)h(blo)q(c)o(k)=0A=
h(devices.)150 552 y(Character)12 =
b(devices)i(are)e(those)g(for)g(whic)o(h)i=0A=
(no)e(bu\013ering)j(is)e(p)q(erformed,)g(and)g(blo)q(c)o(k)g(devices)h(ar=
e)e=0A=
(those)150 616 y(whic)o(h)18 =
b(are)e(accessed)i(through)f(a)f(cac)o(he.)26=0A=
b(Blo)q(c)o(k)17 =
b(devices)i(m)o(ust)d(b)q(e)i(random)e(access,)i(but)f(c)o=0A=
(haracter)150 681 =
y(devices)g(are)f(not)f(required)i(to)f(b)q(e,)g(though)g=0A=
(some)f(are.)22 b(Filesystems)17 b(can)f(only)g(b)q(e)h(moun)o(ted)f(if)g=0A=
(they)150 745 y(are)f(on)g(blo)q(c)o(k)h(devices.)221 833 y(Character)j=0A=
(devices)j(are)e(read)h(from)e(and)i(written)f(to)g(with)h(t)o(w)o(o)e=0A=
(function:)31 b FE(foo)p 1699 833 15 2 v 17 w(read\(\))20 b=0A=
FH(and)150 897 y FE(foo)p 225 897 V 17 w(write\(\))p FH(.)e(The)c=0A=
FE(read\(\))f FH(and)h FE(write\(\))e FH(calls)j(do)e(not)h(return)f(un)o=0A=
(til)i(the)f(op)q(eration)f(is)i(complete.)150 962 =
y(By)h(con)o(trast,)e(blo)=0A=
q(c)o(k)i(devices)h(do)e(not)g(ev)o(en)h(implemen)o(t)h(the)f=0A=
FE(read\(\))e FH(and)i FE(write\(\))f FH(functions,)h(and)150=0A=
1026 =
y(instead)j(ha)o(v)o(e)f(a)h(function)g(whic)o(h)h(has)e(historically)i=0A=
(b)q(een)g(called)g(the)f(\\strategy)e(routine.")30 b(Reads)150=0A=
1090 y(and)13 =
b(writes)h(are)e(done)i(through)f(the)g(bu\013er)h(cac)o(he)g=0A=
(mec)o(hanism)g(b)o(y)f(the)g(generic)h(functions)g FE(bread\(\),)150=0A=
1155 y(breada\(\),)e FH(and)i FE(bwrite\(\))p FH(.)k(These)13=0A=
b(functions)h(go)e(through)h(the)g(bu\013er)h(cac)o(he,)g(and)f(so)g(ma)o=
(y)f=0A=
(or)h(ma)o(y)150 1219 =
y(not)j(actually)h(call)g(the)f(strategy)f(routine,)i=0A=
(dep)q(ending)h(on)f(whether)f(or)g(not)f(the)i(blo)q(c)o(k)g(requested)f=
(is)=0A=
150 1283 y(in)h(the)f(bu\013er)h(cac)o(he)f(\(for)f(reads\))h(or)f(on)h=0A=
(whether)g(or)f(not)h(the)g(bu\013er)h(cac)o(he)f(is)h(full)g(\(for)e=0A=
(writes\).)22 b(A)150 1348 y(request)16 =
b(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)h(asyncronous:)21=0A=
b FE(breada\(\))15 b =
FH(can)h(request)g(the)g(strategy)e(routine)i(to)g(sc)o=0A=
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FH(system)h(calls,)i(resp)q(ectiv)o(ely)=0A=
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150 1734 =
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1678 y(if)h(\(buffer)g(too)g(full/empty\))438 1735 y(wake_up_interrupt)o=0A=
(ible\()o(&foo-)o(>foo_)o(wait_)o(queu)o(e\);)264 1792 y(})221=0A=
2015 y FH(Again,)26 b(a)e FE(foo)p 499 2015 15 2 v 17 w(read\(\))f=0A=
FH(function)i(is)g(written)g(analagously)l(.)47 b FE(foo)p=0A=
1453 2015 V 17 w(table[])23 b FH(is)i(an)f(arra)o(y)f(of)150=0A=
2080 =
y(structures,)f(eac)o(h)f(of)g(whic)o(h)h(has)f(sev)o(eral)g(mem)o(b)q=0A=
(ers,)i(some)d(of)h(whic)o(h)h(are)f FE(foo)p 1610 2080 V 17=0A=
w(wait)p 1723 2080 V 16 w(queue)g FH(and)150 2144 y FE(bytes)p=0A=
273 2144 V 16 w(xfered)p FH(,)16 =
b(whic)o(h)i(can)f(b)q(e)g(used)g(for)f(b)q=0A=
(oth)h(reading)h(and)e(writing.)25 b FE(foo)p 1531 2144 V 17=0A=
w(irq[])16 b FH(is)h(an)g(arra)o(y)e(of)150 2208 =
y(16)h(in)o(tegers,)h(and)g=0A=
(is)g(used)h(for)e(lo)q(oking)i(up)f(whic)o(h)h(en)o(try)e(in)i=0A=
FE(foo)p 1319 2208 V 17 w(table[])d =
FH(is)j(asso)q(ciated)f(with)g(the)150=0A=
2273 y FE(irq)e FH(generated)g(and)g(rep)q(orted)h(to)e(the)h=0A=
FE(foo)p 924 2273 V 17 w(interrupt\(\))f FH(function.)221 2361=0A=
y(T)l(o)20 b(tell)h(the)g(in)o(terrupt-handling)h(co)q(de)f(to)f(call)h=0A=
FE(foo)p 1179 2361 V 17 w(interrupt\(\))p =
FH(,)f(y)o(ou)g(need)h(to)f(use)g=0A=
(either)150 2425 y FE(request)p 321 2425 V 16 w(irq\(\))c FH(or)g=0A=
FE(irqaction\(\))p FH(.)23 b(This)17 b(is)g(either)h(done)f(when)g=0A=
FE(foo)p 1415 2425 V 17 w(open\(\))f =
FH(is)h(called,)h(or)e(if)h(y)o(ou)150=0A=
2489 y(w)o(an)o(t)g(to)g(k)o(eep)h(things)h(simple,)h(when)e=0A=
FE(foo)p 922 2489 V 17 w(init\(\))f FH(is)h(called.)30 b FE(request)p=0A=
1471 2489 V 16 w(irq\(\))18 b FH(is)g(the)g(simpler)h(of)150=0A=
2554 y(the)14 =
b(t)o(w)o(o,)e(and)i(w)o(orks)f(rather)h(lik)o(e)h(an)e(old-st)=0A=
o(yle)i(signal)g(handler.)20 b(It)14 =
b(tak)o(es)f(t)o(w)o(o)g(argumen)o(ts:)=0A=
18 b(the)c(\014rst)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 24 35=0A=
24 34 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(1.5.)42 b(Blo)q(c)o(k)18=0A=
b(Device)g(Driv)o(ers)1148 b FH(24)150 88 y(is)16 =
b(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g=0A=
(of)f(the)h FE(irq)g =
FH(y)o(ou)f(are)g(requesting,)i(and)e(the)h(second)h(is)=0A=
f(a)f(p)q(oin)o(ter)h(to)g(y)o(our)f(in)o(terrupt)150 153 y(handler,)22=0A=
b(whic)o(h)f(m)o(ust)f(tak)o(e)g(an)g(in)o(teger)h(argumen)o(t)e(\(the)h(=
irq)=0A=
h(that)e(w)o(as)h(generated\))g(and)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(a)150 217=0A=
y(return)d(t)o(yp)q(e)g(of)f FE(void)p FH(.)24 b FE(request)p=0A=
752 217 15 2 v 17 w(irq\(\))16 b FH(returns)h FE(-EINVAL)e=0A=
FH(if)j FE(irq)e FB(>)h =
FH(15)g(or)f(if)h(the)g(p)q(oin)o(ter)h(to)e(the)150=0A=
281 y(in)o(terrupt)f(handler)g(is)g FE(NULL)p FH(,)e FE(-EBUSY)h=0A=
FH(if)g(that)g(in)o(terrupt)h(has)f(already)g(b)q(een)i(tak)o(en,)e(or)f(=
0)h=0A=
(on)h(success.)221 369 y FE(irqaction\(\))23 b =
FH(w)o(orks)g(rather)h(lik)o=0A=
(e)i(the)f(user-lev)o(el)h FE(sigaction\(\))p FH(,)f(and)g(in)g(fact)f=0A=
(reuses)h(the)150 434 y FE(sigaction)15 b FH(structure.)24=0A=
b(The)17 b FE(sa)p 744 434 V 17 w(restorer\(\))f FH(\014eld)i(of)e(the)h=0A=
(sigaction)g(structure)f(is)h(not)g(used,)g(but)150 498 y(ev)o(erything)i=0A=
(else)h(is)g(the)e(same.)31 b(See)20 b(the)f(en)o(try)f(for)g=0A=
FE(irqaction\(\))g FH(in)h(Section)h(1.6,)f FD(Supp)q(orting)150=0A=
562 y(F)l(unctions)p FH(,)c(for)g(further)g(information)g(ab)q(out)g=0A=
FE(irqaction\(\))p FH(.)150 716 y Fq(1.4.3)55 b(TTY)19 b(driv)n(ers)150=0A=
833 y FD([The)14 =
b(reasons)f(that)h(this)f(section)g(has)g(not)h(b)q(een)f=0A=
(written)h(are)g(that)f(I)g(don't)h(kno)o(w)e(enough)150 897=0A=
y(ab)q(out)25 b(TTY)g(stu\013)f(y)o(et.)41 b(T)l(ed)24 =
b(re-wrote)h(the)f(tt)=0A=
o(y)f(devices)g(for)h(the)g(1.1)h(series,)g(but)f(I)150 962=0A=
y(ha)o(v)o(en't)17 b(studied)h(them)g(y)o(et.])150 1139 y Ft(1.5)70=0A=
b(Blo)r(c)n(k)22 b(Device)e(Driv)n(ers)150 1272 y FH(T)l(o)12=0A=
b(moun)o(t)g(a)g(\014lesystem)h(on)g(a)f(device,)i(it)e(m)o(ust)g(b)q(e)h=
(a)f=0A=
(blo)q(c)o(k)h(device)h(driv)o(en)g(b)o(y)e(a)g(blo)q(c)o(k)h(device)h(dr=
iv)o=0A=
(er.)150 1336 =
y(This)h(means)g(that)f(the)h(device)i(m)o(ust)d(b)q(e)i(a)e=0A=
(random)h(access)g(device,)h(not)e(a)h(stream)f(device.)21=0A=
b(In)15 b(other)150 1400 =
y(w)o(ords,)f(y)o(ou)h(m)o(ust)g(b)q(e)g(able)h(to)f=0A=
(seek)g(to)g(an)o(y)g(lo)q(cation)h(on)f(the)g(ph)o(ysical)i(device)f(at)=
f=0A=
(an)o(y)g(time.)221 1488 y(Y)l(ou)20 b(do)h(not)f(pro)o(vide)h=0A=
FE(read\(\))f FH(and)h FE(write\(\))e =
FH(routines)i(for)f(a)h(blo)q(c)o(k)g=0A=
(device.)38 b(Instead,)21 b(y)o(our)150 1553 y(driv)o(er)13=0A=
b(uses)g FE(block)p 496 1553 V 17 w(read\(\))f FH(and)h FE(block)p=0A=
875 1553 V 16 w(write\(\))p =
FH(,)f(whic)o(h)i(are)f(generic)h(functions,)f=0A=
(pro)o(vided)h(b)o(y)f(the)150 1617 =
y(VFS,)g(whic)o(h)h(will)h(call)f(the)f=0A=
FD(strategy)h FH(routine,)g(or)f FE(request\(\))f =
FH(function,)i(whic)o(h)g=0A=
(y)o(ou)f(write)g(in)h(place)150 1681 y(of)i FE(read\(\))f=0A=
FH(and)i FE(write\(\))e FH(for)h(y)o(our)g(driv)o(er.)23 b(This)17=0A=
b(strategy)e(routine)i(is)g(also)f(called)i(b)o(y)f(the)f FD(bu\013er)150=0A=
1746 y(cac)o(he)g =
FH(\(See)f(section)h(??\),)f(whic)o(h)h(is)g(called)h(b)o=0A=
(y)e(the)g(VFS)h(routines)f(\(See)h(c)o(hapter)f(??\))21 b(whic)o(h)16=0A=
b(is)f(ho)o(w)150 1810 y(normal)g(\014les)h(on)f(normal)h(\014lesystems)f=0A=
(are)g(read)g(and)h(written.)221 1898 =
y(Requests)d(for)g(I/O)g(are)g(giv)o=0A=
(en)h(b)o(y)f(the)g(bu\013er)h(cac)o(he)g(to)e(a)h(routine)g(called)i=0A=
FE(ll)p 1563 1898 V 17 w(rw)p 1628 1898 V 17 w(block\(\))p=0A=
FH(,)d(whic)o(h)150 1962 =
y(constructs)f(lists)i(of)e(requests)g(ordered)h(b)o=0A=
(y)g(an)f FD(elev)m(ator)k(algorithm,)g =
FH(whic)o(h)e(sorts)d(the)i(lists)g=0A=
(to)f(mak)o(e)150 2027 =
y(accesses)k(faster)f(and)h(more)g(e\016cien)o(t.)20=0A=
b(It,)15 b(in)h(turn,)e(calls)i(y)o(our)f FE(request\(\))e=0A=
FH(function)j(to)e(actually)i(do)150 2091 y(the)f(I/O.)221=0A=
2179 y(Note)k(that)g(although)h(SCSI)h(disks)f(and)g(CDR)o(OMs)f(are)h=0A=
(considered)h(blo)q(c)o(k)g(devices,)g(they)f(are)150 2243=0A=
y(handled)c(sp)q(ecially)g(\(as)d(are)h(all)h(SCSI)g(devices\).)20=0A=
b(Refer)15 =
b(to)e(section)i(1.7,)e(W)l(riting)h(a)g(SCSI)h(Driv)o(er,)f(for)=0A=
150 2307 y(details.)291 2291 y Fm(5)p 150 2338 720 2 v 207=0A=
2366 a FA(5)225 2381 y =
Fl(Al)r(t)q(h)s(o)r(u)s(g)r(h)h(SC)s(S)s(I)f(di)q(d)s=0A=
(s)r(k)r(s)g(an)s(d)h(CD)s(R)s(O)s(M)t(s)f(ar)q(e)g(bl)r(o)t(ck)h(de)r(v)=
s(i)=0A=
q(c)r(e)r(s)r(,)f(SC)s(S)s(I)f(ta)q(p)t(e)r(s)r(,)h(li)q(k)r(e)g(ot)q(h)r=
(e)r=0A=
(r)h(ta)q(p)s(e)r(s)r(,)f(ar)q(e)h(ge)q(n)s(e)r(r)r(a)r(l)r(l)r(y)150=0A=
2433 =
y(us)r(e)r(d)k(as)f(c)o(h)r(a)r(r)r(a)r(c)r(t)q(e)r(r)h(de)r(v)r(i)r(c)r=0A=
(e)r(s)r(.)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 25 36=0A=
25 35 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(1.5.)42 b(Blo)q(c)o(k)18=0A=
b(Device)g(Driv)o(ers)1148 b FH(25)150 88 y Fq(1.5.1)55 =
b(Initialization)150=0A=
206 y FH(Initialization)24 b(of)c(blo)q(c)o(k)i(devices)g(is)g(a)f(bit)g=0A=
(more)g(complex)h(than)f(initialization)j(of)c(c)o(haracter)g(de-)150=0A=
270 =
y(vices,)f(esp)q(ecially)i(as)d(some)g(\\initialization")i(has)e(to)g(b)q=0A=
(e)h(done)f(at)g(compile)h(time.)29 b(There)19 b(is)f(also)g(a)150=0A=
334 y FE(register)p 345 334 15 2 v 16 w(blkdev\(\))13 b FH(call)i(that)f=0A=
(corresp)q(onds)g(to)f(the)h(c)o(haracter)g(device)h FE(register)p=0A=
1651 334 V 16 w(chrdev\(\))e FH(call,)150 399 =
y(whic)o(h)j(the)f(driv)o(er)h=0A=
(m)o(ust)f(call)h(to)e(sa)o(y)h(that)f(it)i(is)g(presen)o(t,)e(w)o(orking=
,)h=0A=
(and)g(activ)o(e.)150 550 y FD(1.5.1.1)54 b(The)18 b(\014le)g(blk.h)150=0A=
667 y =
FH(A)o(t)e(the)g(top)f(of)h(y)o(our)f(driv)o(er)i(co)q(de,)f(after)g=0A=
(all)h(other)e(included)k(header)d(\014les,)h(y)o(ou)f(need)h(to)e(write)=
h(t)=0A=
o(w)o(o)150 732 y(lines)h(of)e(co)q(de:)264 857 y Fs(#define)20=0A=
b(MAJOR)p 551 857 14 2 v 15 w(NR)h Fg(DEVICE)p 795 857 V 16=0A=
w Fs(MAJOR)264 921 y(#include)f("blk.h")150 1046 y FH(where)g=0A=
Fw(DEVICE)p 469 1046 15 2 v 17 w FE(MAJOR)e =
FH(is)i(the)f(ma)s(jor)f(n)o(um)o=0A=
(b)q(er)i(of)e(y)o(our)h(device.)34 b(driv)o(ers/blo)q(c)o(k/blk.h)20=0A=
b(requires)150 1111 y(the)15 b(use)h(of)f(the)g FE(MAJOR)p=0A=
560 1111 V 16 w(NR)g FH(de\014ne)i(to)d(set)h(up)h(man)o(y)e(other)h=0A=
(de\014nes)i(and)e(macros)f(for)h(y)o(our)g(driv)o(er.)221=0A=
1199 y(No)o(w)f(y)o(ou)h(need)h(to)f(edit)h(blk.h.)21 b(Under)16=0A=
b FE(#ifdef)23 b(MAJOR)p 1224 1199 V 17 w(NR)p FH(,)14 b(there)i(is)f(a)g=0A=
(section)h(of)f(de\014nes)i(that)150 1263 =
y(are)h(conditionally)j(included)h=0A=
(for)c(certain)h(ma)s(jor)e(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers,)j(protected)e(b)o(y)h=0A=
FE(#elif)k(\(MAJOR)p 1817 1263 V 17 w(NR)g(=3D=3D)150 1327 y Fw(DEVICE)p=0A=
333 1327 V 17 w FE(MAJOR\))p FH(.)16 =
b(A)o(t)g(the)h(end)h(of)e(this)i(list,)=0A=
g(y)o(ou)e(will)j(add)e(another)g(section)g(for)f(y)o(our)h(driv)o(er.)25=0A=
b(In)150 1392 y(that)14 b(section,)i(the)f(follo)o(wing)h(lines)h(are)e=0A=
(required:)264 1517 y Fs(#define)20 b(DEVICE)p 573 1517 14=0A=
2 v 14 w(NAME)h(")p Fg(device)p Fs(")264 1581 y(#define)f(DEVICE)p=0A=
573 1581 V 14 w(REQUEST)h(do)p 806 1581 V 15 w Fg(dev)p 884=0A=
1581 V 16 w Fs(request)264 1646 y(#define)f(DEVICE)p 573 1646=0A=
V 14 w(ON\(device\))g(/*)i Fg(usually)13 b(blank,)f(see)j(b)q(elo)o(w)22=0A=
b Fs(*/)264 1710 y(#define)e(DEVICE)p 573 1710 V 14 =
w(OFF\(device\))g(/*)h=0A=
Fg(usually)13 b(blank,)g(see)i(b)q(elo)o(w)22 b Fs(*/)264 1774=0A=
y(#define)e(DEVICE)p 573 1774 V 14 =
w(NR\(device\))g(\(MINOR\(device\)\))221=0A=
1900 y FE(DEVICE)p 368 1900 15 2 v 16 w(NAME)15 b FH(is)g(simply)i(the)e=0A=
(device)i(name.)i(See)d(the)g(other)e(en)o(tries)i(in)g(blk.h)g(for)e=0A=
(examples.)221 1987 y FE(DEVICE)p 368 1987 V 16 w(REQUEST)h=0A=
FH(is)i(y)o(our)f(strategy)f(routine,)i(whic)o(h)g(will)h(do)f(all)g(the)=
g=0A=
(I/O)g(on)f(the)g(device.)25 b(See)150 2052 y(section)16 b(1.5.3)d(for)i=0A=
(more)g(details)h(on)f(the)g(strategy)f(routine.)221 2140 y=0A=
FE(DEVICE)p 368 2140 V 16 w(ON)c FH(and)g FE(DEVICE)p 669 2140=0A=
V 17 w(OFF)g =
FH(are)g(for)f(devices)j(that)d(need)j(to)d(b)q(e)i(turned)g(on)=0A=
f(and)h(o\013,)g(lik)o(e)g(\015oppies.)150 2204 y(In)16 b(fact,)e(the)h=0A=
(\015opp)o(y)h(driv)o(er)f(is)h(curren)o(tly)g(the)f(only)h(device)g(driv=
)o=0A=
(er)g(whic)o(h)g(uses)f(these)h(de\014nes.)221 2292 y FE(DEVICE)p=0A=
368 2292 V 16 w(NR\(device\))h =
FH(is)i(used)h(to)e(determine)h(the)g(n)o(um)o=0A=
(b)q(er)g(of)f(the)h(ph)o(ysical)h(device)g(from)e(the)150=0A=
2356 y(minor)e(device)i(n)o(um)o(b)q(er.)k(F)l(or)16 =
b(instance,)h(in)f(the)g=0A=
FE(hd)g =
FH(driv)o(er,)g(since)i(the)e(second)g(hard)g(driv)o(e)h(starts)e(at)=0A=
150 2421 y(minor)g(64,)g FE(DEVICE)p 502 2421 V 16 w(NR\(device\))f=0A=
FH(is)i(de\014ned)g(to)f(b)q(e)h FE(\(MINOR\(device\)>>6\))p=0A=
FH(.)221 2508 =
y(If)f(y)o(our)g(driv)o(er)g(is)h(in)o(terrupt-driv)o(en,)g(y)o=0A=
(ou)f(will)i(also)e(set)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 26 37=0A=
26 36 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(1.5.)42 b(Blo)q(c)o(k)18=0A=
b(Device)g(Driv)o(ers)1148 b FH(26)264 88 y Fs(#define)20 b(DEVICE)p=0A=
573 88 14 2 v 14 w(INTR)h(do)p 740 88 V 16 w Fg(dev)150 214=0A=
y FH(whic)o(h)f(will)i(b)q(ecome)e(a)f(v)m(ariable)i(automatically)f=0A=
(de\014ned)h(and)f(used)g(b)o(y)g(the)f(remainder)h(of)g(blk.h,)150=0A=
278 y(sp)q(eci\014cally)e(b)o(y)d(the)g FE(SET)p 596 278 15=0A=
2 v 17 w(INTR\(\))g FH(and)g FE(CLEAR)p 980 278 V 16 w(INTR)g=0A=
FH(macros.)221 366 =
y(Y)l(ou)g(migh)o(t)g(also)g(consider)h(setting)g(these)f=0A=
(de\014nes:)264 491 y Fs(#define)20 b(DEVICE)p 573 491 14 2=0A=
v 14 w(TIMEOUT)h Fg(DEV)p 853 491 V 16 w Fs(TIMER)264 555 y(#define)f=0A=
(TIMEOUT)p 595 555 V 14 w(VALUE)h Fg(n)150 681 y FH(where)15=0A=
b Fw(n)g =
FH(is)h(the)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)g(ji\016es)h(\(clo)q(c)o(k)f(tic)=0A=
o(ks;)g(h)o(undredths)h(of)e(a)h(second)g(on)g(Lin)o(ux/386\))g(to)g(time=
)150=0A=
745 y(out)h(after)g(if)i(no)e(in)o(terrupt)i(is)f(receiv)o(ed.)26=0A=
b(These)17 =
b(are)f(used)i(if)f(y)o(our)f(device)j(can)d(b)q(ecome)i(\\stuc)o=0A=
(k":)k(a)150 809 y(condition)17 b(where)f(the)g(driv)o(er)g(w)o(aits)g=0A=
(inde\014nitely)j(for)c(an)h(in)o(terrupt)g(that)f(will)i(nev)o(er)f(arri=
v)o=0A=
(e.)22 b(If)16 b(y)o(ou)150 874 y(de\014ne)f(these,)g(they)f(will)i=0A=
(automatically)e(b)q(e)h(used)g(in)g FE(SET)p 1171 874 15 2=0A=
v 17 w(INTR)f =
FH(to)f(mak)o(e)h(y)o(our)f(driv)o(er)i(time)g(out.)k(Of)150=0A=
938 =
y(course,)f(y)o(our)f(driv)o(er)h(will)h(ha)o(v)o(e)f(to)f(b)q(e)h(able)g=0A=
(to)f(handle)i(the)f(p)q(ossibilit)o(y)i(of)d(b)q(eing)i(timed)f(out)g(b)=
o(y)=0A=
f(a)150 1002 y(timer.)j(See)c(section)g(??)21 b(for)14 =
b(an)h(explanation)i=0A=
(of)d(ho)o(w)h(to)g(do)g(this.)150 1154 y FD(1.5.1.2)54 b(Recognizing)20=0A=
b(PC)d(standard)i(partitions)150 1271 =
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FH(will)j(only)f(w)o(ak)o(e)f(up)h(tasks)f(in)h(a)450 578 y=0A=
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756 y FE(q)276 b FH(P)o(oin)o(ter)14 b(to)f(the)h FE(wait)p=0A=
1139 756 V 17 w(queue)f =
FH(structure)h(of)g(the)g(pro)q(cess)g(to)g(b)q(e)h=0A=
(w)o(o-)750 820 y(k)o(en.)450 933 y(Note)e(that)g FE(wake)p=0A=
754 933 V 16 w(up\(\))g =
FH(do)q(es)h(not)f(switc)o(h)h(tasks,)e(it)i(only)g=0A=
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FH(is)i(called,)h(they)f=0A=
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b(a)h(SCSI)g(Driv)n=0A=
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b(Adaptec)150 2132 y(1542,)15 b(Adaptec)i(1740,)f(F)l(uture)g(Domain)g=0A=
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150 2260 y(unsupp)q(orted)j(host)e(adapter.)31 b(Y)l(ou)19=0A=
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FH(The)g(forew)o(ord)e(to)g(the)i(SCSI-2)g=0A=
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d(sets)g(for)f(magnetic)h(and)h(optical)f(disks,)h(tap)q(es,)f(prin)o(t-)=
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FH(The)d(\\SCSI)f(bus")h(transfers)e(data)h(and)g(state)g=0A=
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358 V 102 w(I&T)p 776 358 V 110 w(?)p 944 358 V 140 w(?)p 1099=0A=
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360 1159 2 v 470 424 2 65 v 529 405 a(T)p 620 424 V 94 w(I&T)p=0A=
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63 w(D)o(A)l(T)l(A)g(IN)p 1628 556 V 471 558 1159 2 v 470 622=0A=
2 65 v 520 603 a(HI)p 620 622 V 97 w(LO)p 776 622 V 106 w(HI)p=0A=
944 622 V 104 w(LO)p 1099 622 V 91 w(HI)p 1238 622 V 70 w(COMMAND)p=0A=
1628 622 V 471 624 1159 2 v 470 688 2 65 v 520 669 a(HI)p 620=0A=
688 V 97 w(LO)p 776 688 V 106 w(HI)p 944 688 V 104 w(LO)p 1099=0A=
688 V 85 w(LO)p 1238 688 V 63 w(ST)l(A)l(TUS)p 1628 688 V 471=0A=
690 1159 2 v 470 754 2 65 v 520 735 a(HI)p 620 754 V 97 w(LO)p=0A=
776 754 V 99 w(LO)p 944 754 V 98 w(LO)p 1099 754 V 91 w(HI)p=0A=
1238 754 V 70 w(MESSA)o(GE)g(OUT)p 1628 754 V 471 756 1159=0A=
2 v 470 820 2 65 v 520 801 a(HI)p 620 820 V 97 w(LO)p 776 820=0A=
V 99 w(LO)p 944 820 V 98 w(LO)p 1099 820 V 85 w(LO)p 1238 820=0A=
V 63 w(MESSA)o(GE)g(IN)p 1628 820 V 471 822 1159 2 v 496 867=0A=
a =
Fl(I)g(=3D)i(In)q(i)r(t)r(i)r(a)r(t)q(o)s(r)h(As)r(s)r(e)r(r)r(t)q(s)r(,)=
g(T)=0A=
e(=3D)h(T)m(a)r(r)r(g)r(e)r(t)h(As)r(s)r(e)r(r)r(t)q(s)r(,)g(?)j(=3D)c(HI=
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(LO)630 964 y FH(T)l(able)e(1.1:)i(SCSI)e(Bus)g(Phase)f(Determination)150=0A=
1130 y(BUS)h(FREE)f(Phase)450 1194 =
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1258 y(b)q(eing)16 b(used.)150 1362 y(ARBITRA)l(TION)i(Phase)450=0A=
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b(arbitration,)f(the)h(arbitrating)f(device)i(asserts)450 1619=0A=
y(its)j(SCSI)h(ID)g(on)f(the)g(D)o(A)l(T)l(A)g(BUS.)36 b(F)l(or)20=0A=
b(example,)i(if)e(the)h(arbitrating)f(device's)450 1684 =
y(SCSI)d(ID)g(is)g=0A=
(2,)f(then)h(the)g(device)h(will)g(assert)e FE(0x04)p FH(.)24=0A=
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b(ARBITRA)l(TION)i(is)f(optional)f(in)h(the)=0A=
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y(phase)h(in)g(the)f=0A=
(SCSI-2)h(standard.)150 1980 y(SELECTION)g(Phase)450 2045 =
y(After)g(ARBITRA)l=0A=
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(as-)450 2109 =
y(serts)g(the)h(SCSI)g(ID)g(of)g(the)f(target)g(on)g(the)h(D)o=0A=
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2341 y(RESELECTION)i(Phase)450 2406 =
y(The)d(SCSI)g(proto)q(col)f(allo)o(ws)h=0A=
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b(the)g(SCSI)h(target)e(to)g=0A=
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FH(to)h(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(that)f(the)g(host)=0A=
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b FE(cmd_per_lun)150 1024 y =
FH(v)m(ariable)e(sp)q(eci\014es)g(the)f(n)o(um)o=0A=
(b)q(er)f(of)g(link)o(ed)j(commands)d(allo)o(w)o(ed.)20 b(This)15=0A=
b(v)m(ariable)h(should)f(b)q(e)g(set)f(to)g(1)150 1088 y(if)i(command)g=0A=
(linking)i(is)f(not)e(supp)q(orted.)23 b(A)o(t)15 =
b(this)i(time,)f(ho)o(w)o=0A=
(ev)o(er,)f(the)h(high-lev)o(el)i(SCSI)f(co)q(de)f(will)150=0A=
1153 y(not)f(tak)o(e)f(adv)m(an)o(tage)h(of)g(this)g(feature.)221=0A=
1241 =
y(Link)o(ed)f(commands)f(are)g(fundamen)o(tally)h(di\013eren)o(t)g(from)=0A=
f(m)o(ultiple)i(outstanding)e(commands)g(\(as)150 1305 =
y(describ)q(ed)h(b)o=0A=
(y)e(the)g FE(can_queue)e FH(v)m(ariable\).)20 b(Link)o(ed)14=0A=
b(commands)d(alw)o(a)o(ys)g(go)h(to)f(the)h(same)g(SCSI)g(target)150=0A=
1369 y(and)17 =
b(do)g(not)g(necessarily)h(in)o(v)o(olv)o(e)g(a)f(RESELECTION)h=0A=
(phase.)26 b(F)l(urther,)17 b(link)o(ed)i(commands)e(elim-)150=0A=
1434 =
y(inate)i(the)f(ARBITRA)l(TION,)i(SELECTION,)f(and)f(MESSA)o(GE)g(OUT)g=0A=
(phases)h(on)f(all)h(commands)150 1498 y(after)12 =
b(the)g(\014rst)h(one)f(in)=0A=
i(the)e(set.)19 b(In)13 b(con)o(trast,)f(m)o(ultiple)i(outstanding)e=0A=
(commands)h(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)h(sen)o(t)f(to)g(an)150 1562 y(arbitrary)17=0A=
b(SCSI)h(target,)e(and)i FC(r)n(e)n(quir)n(e)i FH(the)e(ARBITRA)l(TION,)h=0A=
(SELECTION,)f(MESSA)o(GE)f(OUT,)150 1627 =
y(and)e(RESELECTION)i(phases.)150=0A=
1778 y FD(1.7.7.1.6)55 b FE(present)150 1895 y FH(The)15 b=0A=
FE(present)g =
FH(bit)g(is)h(set)f(\(b)o(y)g(the)g(high-lev)o(el)j(co)q(de\))d=0A=
(if)h(the)f(host)g(adapter)g(is)g(detected.)150 2047 y FD(1.7.7.1.7)55=0A=
b FE(unchecked)p 610 2047 V 16 w(isa)p 698 2047 V 17 w(dma)150=0A=
2164 y FH(Some)19 b(host)g(adapters)f(use)h(Direct)g(Memory)g(Access)g=0A=
(\(DMA\))f(to)g(read)h(and)g(write)g(blo)q(c)o(ks)h(of)f(data)150=0A=
2228 =
y(directly)j(from)d(or)h(to)g(the)g(computer's)g(main)h(memory)l(.)35=0A=
b(Lin)o(ux)21 b(is)g(a)f(virtual)h(memory)f(op)q(erating)p=0A=
150 2268 720 2 v 192 2296 a FA(11)225 2311 y =
Fl(Th)r(i)r(s)h(m)q(a)q(y)g(b)q=0A=
(e)g(an)g(o)o(v)q(e)r(r)r(-)q(s)r(i)r(m)s(p)s(l)r(i)q(\014)s(c)r(a)r(t)r(=
i)r=0A=
(o)r(n)s(.)29 b(On)22 =
b(ol)q(d)s(e)r(r)f(de)q(v)s(i)r(c)r(e)r(s)r(,)f(th)q(e)=0A=
h(ac)r(t)q(u)s(a)r(l)g(co)r(m)s(m)t(a)r(n)s(d)h(pr)q(o)s(c)r(e)r(s)r(s)r(=
i)r=0A=
(n)s(g)f(ca)q(n)h(b)q(e)150 2363 =
y(si)q(g)r(n)s(i)r(\014)r(c)r(a)s(n)q(t)r(.)=0A=
f(F)m(u)r(r)r(t)r(h)r(e)r(r)r(,)16 =
b(th)q(e)r(r)r(e)h(is)e(a)f(gr)q(e)r(a)s=0A=
(t)i(de)r(a)r(l)h(of)e(lay)q(e)r(r)r(e)r(d)i(o)o(v)q(e)r(r)q(h)s(e)r(a)r(=
d)h=0A=
(in)e(th)q(e)h(k)o(e)q(r)r(n)s(e)r(l)r(:)k(th)q(e)c(hi)q(g)s(h)r(-)r(l)r(=
e)r=0A=
(v)q(e)r(l)f(SC)s(S)s(I)g(co)r(d)s(e)r(,)150 2415 =
y(th)q(e)j(bu)s(\013)r(e)r=0A=
(r)r(i)r(n)s(g)g(co)r(d)s(e)r(,)f(an)r(d)h(th)q(e)g(\014l)r(e)r(-)q(s)r(y=
)r=0A=
(s)r(t)r(e)r(m)h(co)s(d)r(e)f(al)q(l)g(co)q(n)r(t)q(r)r(i)r(b)s(u)r(t)r(e=
)g=0A=
(to)f(p)q(o)s(o)r(r)h(SC)r(S)s(I)f(p)q(e)r(r)r(f)q(o)r(r)r(m)s(a)s(n)r(c)=
r(e)=0A=
r(.)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 53 64=0A=
53 63 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(1.7.)42 b(W)l(riting)19=0A=
b(a)f(SCSI)f(Device)h(Driv)o(er)946 b FH(53)150 88 y(system)18=0A=
b(that)h(can)g(use)g(more)f(than)h(16)g(MB)f(of)h(ph)o(ysical)h(memory)l(=
.)31=0A=
b(Unfortunately)l(,)19 b(on)g(mac)o(hines)150 153 =
y(using)d(the)f(ISA)h(bus)=0A=
506 136 y Fm(12)544 153 y =
FH(,)f(DMA)f(is)i(limited)h(to)e(the)g(lo)o(w)g(16)=0A=
g(MB)g(of)f(ph)o(ysical)j(memory)l(.)221 241 y(If)d(the)g FE=0A=
(unchecked_isa_dma)d FH(bit)k(is)f(set,)f(the)h(high-lev)o(el)j(co)q(de)d=0A=
(will)i(pro)o(vide)e(data)f(bu\013ers)i(whic)o(h)150 305 y(are)i(guaran)o=0A=
(teed)f(to)g(b)q(e)i(in)g(the)f(lo)o(w)g(16)f(MB)h(of)f(the)h(ph)o(ysical=
)i=0A=
(address)e(space.)25 b(Driv)o(ers)17 b(written)g(for)150 369=0A=
y(host)g(adapters)h(that)f(do)g(not)h(use)g(DMA)f(should)i(set)f(this)g(b=
it)g=0A=
(to)f(zero.)28 b(Driv)o(ers)17 b(sp)q(eci\014c)j(to)d(EISA)150=0A=
434 y(bus)218 417 y Fm(13)270 434 y =
FH(mac)o(hines)e(should)g(also)f(set)g=0A=
(this)g(bit)h(to)e(zero,)h(since)i(EISA)e(bus)h(mac)o(hines)g(allo)o(w)f=0A=
(unrestricted)150 498 y(DMA)h(access.)150 649 y FD(1.7.7.2)54=0A=
b(F)l(unctions)18 b(in)g(the)g FE(Scsi)p 839 649 15 2 v 17=0A=
w(Host)f FD(Structure)150 767 y(1.7.7.2.1)55 b FE(detect\(\))150=0A=
884 y FH(The)11 b FE(detect\(\))f =
FH(function's)i(only)f(argumen)o(t)g(is)g=0A=
(the)h(\\host)e(n)o(um)o(b)q(er,")i(an)f(index)h(in)o(to)f(the)g=0A=
FE(scsi_hosts)150 948 y =
FH(v)m(ariable)i(\(an)e(arra)o(y)f(of)h(t)o(yp)q(e)g=0A=
FE(struct)23 b(Scsi_Host)p FH(\).)17 b(The)12 b FE(detect\(\))e=0A=
FH(function)i(should)g(return)g(a)f(non-)150 1013 =
y(zero)k(v)m(alue)i(if)e=0A=
(the)g(host)g(adapter)g(is)h(detected,)f(and)h(should)g(return)f(zero)g=0A=
(otherwise.)221 1100 =
y(Host)h(adapter)h(detection)h(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)g(done)h=0A=
(carefully)l(.)27 b(Usually)19 =
b(the)e(pro)q(cess)h(b)q(egins)g(b)o(y)f(lo)q=0A=
(oking)150 1165 =
y(in)j(the)f(R)o(OM)h(area)e(for)h(the)g(\\BIOS)h(signature")=0A=
f(of)g(the)g(host)g(adapter.)31 b(On)20 b(PC/A)l(T-compatible)150=0A=
1229 y(computers,)f(the)g(use)g(of)g(the)f(address)h(space)g(b)q(et)o(w)o=0A=
(een)g FE(0xc0000)f FH(and)h FE(0xfffff)f =
FH(is)h(fairly)h(w)o(ell)f(de-)150=0A=
1294 y(\014ned.)i(F)l(or)13 b(example,)i(the)g(video)g(BIOS)g(on)g(most)e=0A=
(mac)o(hines)j(starts)d(at)g FE(0xc0000)h FH(and)g(the)h(hard)f(disk)150=0A=
1358 y(BIOS,)20 b(if)g(presen)o(t,)g(starts)e(at)h FE(0xc8000)p=0A=
FH(.)32 b(When)19 =
b(a)h(PC/A)l(T-compatible)g(computer)f(b)q(o)q(ots,)h(ev)o=0A=
(ery)150 1422 y(2-kilob)o(yte)e(blo)q(c)o(k)h(from)e FE(0xc0000)g=0A=
FH(to)g FE(0xf8000)f =
FH(is)j(examined)f(for)f(the)h(2-b)o(yte)g(signature)f=0A=
(\()p FE(0x55aa)p FH(\))150 1487 y(whic)o(h)f(indicates)h(that)d(a)h(v)m=0A=
(alid)i(BIOS)f(extension)g(is)g(presen)o(t)f([Nor85)o(].)221=0A=
1574 y(The)21 =
b(BIOS)g(signature)g(usually)h(consists)f(of)g(a)f(series)i(of)=0A=
e(b)o(ytes)g(that)h(uniquely)h(iden)o(ti\014es)h(the)150 1639=0A=
y(BIOS.)e(F)l(or)15 =
b(example,)g(one)h(F)l(uture)f(Domain)g(BIOS)h(signature)=0A=
g(is)f(the)h(string)245 1764 y FE(FUTURE)23 b(DOMAIN)h(CORP.)f(\(C\))g=0A=
(1986-1990)g(1800-V2.07/28/89)150 1954 y FH(found)16 =
b(exactly)f(\014v)o(e)g=0A=
(b)o(ytes)g(from)g(the)g(start)f(of)h(the)g(BIOS)h(blo)q(c)o(k.)221=0A=
2041 =
y(After)c(the)h(BIOS)g(signature)g(is)g(found,)h(it)f(is)g(safe)f(to)g=0A=
(test)g(for)g(the)h(presence)h(of)e(a)g(functioning)i(host)150=0A=
2106 y(adapter)g(in)h(more)f(sp)q(eci\014c)j(w)o(a)o(ys.)h(Since)e(the)f=0A=
(BIOS)h(signatures)e(are)g(hard-co)q(ded)i(in)f(the)g(k)o(ernel,)g(the)15=
0=0A=
2170 =
y(release)j(of)f(a)g(new)g(BIOS)i(can)e(cause)h(the)f(driv)o(er)h(to)f=0A=
(m)o(ysteriously)g(fail.)27 b(F)l(urther,)18 b(p)q(eople)h(who)e(use)150=0A=
2234 =
y(the)f(SCSI)g(adapter)f(exclusiv)o(ely)j(for)d(Lin)o(ux)i(ma)o(y)e(w)o=0A=
(an)o(t)f(to)h(disable)i(the)f(BIOS)h(to)e(sp)q(eed)i(b)q(o)q(ot)e(time.)=
p=0A=
150 2274 720 2 v 192 2302 a FA(12)225 2317 y =
Fl(Th)r(e)k(so)q(-)q(c)r(a)r(l)r=0A=
(l)r(e)r(d)g(\\I)q(n)r(d)s(u)s(s)r(t)q(r)r(y)g(St)q(a)r(n)s(d)s(a)r(r)r(d=
)g=0A=
(Ar)r(c)q(h)r(i)r(t)r(e)q(c)r(t)r(u)s(r)q(e)r(")g(bu)r(s)g(w)o(a)r(s)f(in=
t)r=0A=
(r)r(o)s(d)s(u)r(c)r(e)r(d)h(wi)r(t)r(h)g(th)q(e)f(IB)r(M)i(PC)s(/)s(X)s(=
T)f=0A=
(an)r(d)150 2369 =
y(IB)r(M)i(PC)r(/)s(AT)e(co)q(m)t(p)r(u)s(t)r(e)r(r)q(s)r(.)=0A=
192 2401 y FA(13)225 2416 y =
Fl(Th)r(e)e(\\E)r(x)s(t)q(e)r(n)s(d)s(e)q(d)h(In)=0A=
q(d)r(u)s(s)r(t)r(r)q(y)f(St)r(a)r(n)s(d)r(a)s(r)q(d)g(Ar)r(c)q(h)s(i)q(t=
)r=0A=
(e)r(c)r(t)r(u)r(r)r(e)r(")g(bu)r(s)f(is)g(a)d(no)r(n)s(-)q(p)s(r)r(o)r(p=
)s=0A=
(r)q(i)r(e)r(t)r(a)r(r)r(y)k(32)r(-)q(b)r(i)r(t)f(bu)s(s)g(for)h(38)q(6)g=
(an)=0A=
r(d)150 2468 y(i4)q(8)s(6)i(ma)s(c)q(h)r(i)r(n)s(e)r(s)q(.)p=0A=
eop=0A=
%%Page: 54 65=0A=
54 64 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(1.7.)42 b(W)l(riting)19=0A=
b(a)f(SCSI)f(Device)h(Driv)o(er)946 b FH(54)150 88 y(F)l(or)14=0A=
b(these)i(reasons,)e(if)h(the)h(adapter)e(can)h(b)q(e)h(detected)g(safely=
)f=0A=
(without)g(examining)i(the)e(BIOS,)h(then)150 153 =
y(that)e(alternativ)o(e)i=0A=
(metho)q(d)f(should)h(b)q(e)g(used.)221 241 =
y(Usually)l(,)e(eac)o(h)f(host)g=0A=
(adapter)g(has)g(a)f(series)i(of)f(I/O)g(p)q(ort)g(addresses)g(whic)o(h)h=0A=
(are)f(used)h(for)e(comm)o(u-)150 305 y(nications.)25 b(Sometimes)16=0A=
b(these)h(addresses)g(will)h(b)q(e)f(hard)g(co)q(ded)g(in)o(to)f(the)h(dr=
iv)o=0A=
(er,)g(forcing)f(all)i(Lin)o(ux)150 369 =
y(users)e(who)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(this)h=0A=
(host)f(adapter)g(to)g(use)g(a)g(sp)q(eci\014c)j(set)d(of)g(I/O)h(p)q(ort=
)f=0A=
(addresses.)21 b(Other)16 b(driv)o(ers)150 434 =
y(are)h(more)f(\015exible,)j=0A=
(and)f(\014nd)f(the)g(curren)o(t)g(I/O)h(p)q(ort)f(address)g(b)o(y)g=0A=
(scanning)g(all)h(p)q(ossible)h(p)q(ort)e(ad-)150 498 y(dresses.)22=0A=
b(Usually)c(eac)o(h)e(host)f(adapter)h(will)i(allo)o(w)e(3)f(or)h(4)g(set=
s)f=0A=
(of)h(addresses,)g(whic)o(h)h(are)e(selectable)150 562 =
y(via)g(hardw)o(are)g=0A=
(jump)q(ers)h(on)f(the)g(host)g(adapter)g(card.)221 650 =
y(After)e(the)g(I/O)h=0A=
(p)q(ort)f(addresses)h(are)f(found,)h(the)f(host)g(adapter)g(can)h(b)q(e)=
g=0A=
(in)o(terrogated)f(to)g(con\014rm)150 715 y(that)19 =
b(it)h(is,)g(indeed,)i=0A=
(the)e(exp)q(ected)g(host)f(adapter.)33 b(These)20 b(tests)e(are)i(host)f=0A=
(adapter)g(sp)q(eci\014c,)j(but)150 779 y(commonly)17 =
b(include)h(metho)q(ds)=0A=
f(to)f(determine)h(the)f(BIOS)i(base)e(address)h(\(whic)o(h)g(can)f(then)=
h(b)=0A=
q(e)g(com-)150 843 y(pared)g(to)e(the)i(BIOS)g(address)g(found)f(during)i=0A=
(the)e(BIOS)i(signature)e(searc)o(h\))g(or)g(to)g(v)o(erify)g(a)g(unique)=
150=0A=
908 =
y(iden)o(ti\014cation)k(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(asso)q(ciated)g(with)g(the)g(b)=0A=
q(oard.)28 b(F)l(or)17 b(MCA)h(bus)1436 891 y Fm(14)1491 908=0A=
y FH(mac)o(hines,)h(eac)o(h)f(t)o(yp)q(e)g(of)150 972 y(b)q(oard)12=0A=
b(is)g(giv)o(en)h(a)f(unique)h(iden)o(ti\014cation)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(wh=
ic)o=0A=
(h)h(no)f(other)f(man)o(ufacturer)h(can)g(use|sev)o(eral)150=0A=
1036 y(F)l(uture)17 b(Domain)f(host)g(adapters,)h(for)f(example,)h(also)g=0A=
(use)g(this)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(as)f(a)h(unique)h(iden)o(ti\014er)g(on)15=
0=0A=
1101 y(ISA)d(bus)f(mac)o(hines.)20 b(Other)14 b(metho)q(ds)g(of)g(v)o=0A=
(erifying)g(the)g(host)g(adapter)f(existence)i(and)g(function)f(will)150=0A=
1165 y(b)q(e)i(a)o(v)m(ailable)h(to)d(the)i(programmer.)150=0A=
1317 y FD(1.7.7.2.1.1)56 b(Requesting)18 b(the)f(IR)o(Q)150=0A=
1434 y FH(After)c(detection,)h(the)g FE(detect\(\))e =
FH(routine)i(m)o(ust)f=0A=
(request)g(an)o(y)h(needed)g(in)o(terrupt)g(or)f(DMA)g(c)o(hannels)150=0A=
1498 y(from)e(the)h(k)o(ernel.)19 b(There)12 =
b(are)f(16)g(in)o(terrupt)h(c)o=0A=
(hannels,)h(lab)q(eled)h(IR)o(Q)e(0)g(through)f(IR)o(Q)h(15.)18=0A=
b(The)12 b(k)o(ernel)150 1562 =
y(pro)o(vides)k(t)o(w)o(o)e(metho)q(ds)h(for)f=0A=
(setting)i(up)f(an)g(IR)o(Q)i(handler:)k FE(irqaction\(\))13=0A=
b FH(and)j FE(request_irq\(\))p FH(.)221 1650 y(The)g =
FE(request_irq\(\))f=0A=
FH(function)i(tak)o(es)f(t)o(w)o(o)f(parameters,)h(the)g(IR)o(Q)i(n)o(um)=
o(b)=0A=
q(er)f(and)f(a)h(p)q(oin)o(ter)g(to)150 1715 =
y(the)e(handler)h(routine.)k(It)=0A=
15 b(then)g(sets)g(up)g(a)f(default)i FE(sigaction)d FH(structure)i(and)g=0A=
(calls)h FE(irqaction\(\))p FH(.)150 1779 y(The)11 b(co)q(de)328=0A=
1763 y Fm(15)378 1779 y FH(for)f(the)h FE(request_irq\(\))f=0A=
FH(function)i(is)g(sho)o(wn)e(in)i(Figure)g(1.3.)18 b(I)11=0A=
b(will)i(limit)g(m)o(y)d(discussion)150 1843 y(to)15 =
b(the)g(more)g(general)g=0A=
FE(irqaction\(\))f FH(function.)221 1931 y(The)h(declaration)533=0A=
1915 y Fm(16)586 1931 y FH(for)g(the)g FE(irqaction\(\))f =
FH(function)i(is)=0A=
245 2056 y FE(int)24 b(irqaction\()e(unsigned)h(int)h(irq,)f(struct)g=0A=
(sigaction)g(*new)g(\))150 2246 y FH(where)16 =
b(the)g(\014rst)g(parameter,)f=0A=
FE(irq)p =
FH(,)h(is)g(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)e(the)h(IR)o(Q)h(that)e(is)i=0A=
(b)q(eing)g(requested,)g(and)f(the)p 150 2287 720 2 v 192 2315=0A=
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FE(info)f =
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o(tegers)h(that)f(the)150 2013 y FE(bios_param\(\))c FH(function)i(will)g=0A=
(\014ll)h(in)f(b)q(efore)g(returning:)150 2130 y FE(info[0])132=0A=
b FH(Num)o(b)q(er)16 b(of)e(heads)150 2234 y FE(info[1])132=0A=
b FH(Num)o(b)q(er)16 b(of)e(sectors)h(p)q(er)h(cylinder)150=0A=
2337 y FE(info[2])132 b FH(Num)o(b)q(er)16 b(of)e(cylinders)221=0A=
2454 y(The)k(information)h(in)g FE(info)e FH(is)i FC(not)k=0A=
FH(the)18 =
b(ph)o(ysical)i(geometry)d(of)h(the)h(driv)o(e,)g(but)f(only)h(a)f=0A=
FC(lo)n(gic)n(al)p 150 2494 720 2 v 192 2526 a FA(19)225 2541=0A=
y =
Fl(M)q(S)s(-)q(D)s(O)t(S)h(is)f(a)e(reg)s(i)r(s)q(t)r(e)r(r)r(e)r(d)j(tra=
)s=0A=
(d)s(e)q(m)t(a)r(r)r(k)g(of)f(M)q(i)r(c)r(r)q(o)s(s)q(o)s(f)q(t)g(Co)r(r)=
r(p)=0A=
t(o)r(r)r(a)r(t)r(i)r(o)r(n)s(.)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 63 74=0A=
63 73 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(1.7.)42 b(W)l(riting)19=0A=
b(a)f(SCSI)f(Device)h(Driv)o(er)946 b FH(63)150 88 y(geometry)12=0A=
b(that)g(is)h(iden)o(tical)i(to)d(the)g FC(lo)n(gic)n(al)17=0A=
b FH(geometry)11 =
b(used)j(b)o(y)e(MS-DOS)h(to)f(access)h(the)g(driv)o(e.)20=0A=
b(The)150 153 =
y(distinction)d(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)f(ph)o(ysical)g(and)f(logical)=0A=
i(geometry)d(cannot)h(b)q(e)h(o)o(v)o(erstressed.)150 306 y=0A=
Fq(1.7.8)55 b(The)19 b Fp(Scsi)p 543 306 16 2 v 17 w(Cmnd)e=0A=
Fq(Structure)150 423 y FH(The)c FE(Scsi_Cmnd)e FH(structure,)661=0A=
407 y Fm(20)711 423 y =
FH(as)i(sho)o(wn)f(in)i(Figure)f(1.6,)f(is)h(used)g(b)o=0A=
(y)g(the)g(high-lev)o(el)i(co)q(de)f(to)e(sp)q(ecify)150 488=0A=
y(a)19 =
b(SCSI)g(command)g(for)f(execution)i(b)o(y)f(the)g(lo)o(w-lev)o(el)h=0A=
(co)q(de.)32 b(Man)o(y)18 b(v)m(ariables)i(in)g(the)f FE(Scsi_Cmnd)150=0A=
552 y =
FH(structure)e(can)h(b)q(e)g(ignored)g(b)o(y)g(the)f(lo)o(w-lev)o(el)i=0A=
(device)g(driv)o(er|other)f(v)m(ariables,)h(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)e(are)h(ex-=
)150=0A=
616 y(tremely)e(imp)q(ortan)o(t.)150 768 y FD(1.7.8.1)54 b(Reserv)o(ed)17=0A=
b(Areas)150 885 y(1.7.8.1.1)55 b(Informativ)o(e)18 b(V)l(ariables)150=0A=
1002 y FE(host)d FH(is)g(an)g(index)i(in)o(to)e(the)g FE(scsi_hosts)f=0A=
FH(arra)o(y)l(.)221 1090 y FE(target)f FH(stores)h(the)g(SCSI)h(ID)f(of)g=0A=
(the)g(target)g(of)f(the)i(SCSI)g(command.)k(This)c(information)g(is)f(im=
-)=0A=
150 1154 =
y(p)q(ortan)o(t)f(if)h(m)o(ultiple)h(outstanding)e(commands)h(or)f=0A=
(m)o(ultiple)i(commands)e(p)q(er)h(target)f(are)g(supp)q(orted.)221=0A=
1242 y FE(cmnd)18 b =
FH(is)h(an)f(arra)o(y)g(of)g(b)o(ytes)g(whic)o(h)i(hold)f=0A=
(the)g(actual)g(SCSI)g(command.)31 b(These)19 b(b)o(ytes)f(should)150=0A=
1307 =
y(b)q(e)f(sen)o(t)e(to)h(the)f(SCSI)i(target)e(during)i(the)f(COMMAND)f=0A=
(phase.)22 b FE(cmnd[0])15 b FH(is)h(the)g(SCSI)h(command)150=0A=
1371 y(co)q(de.)j(The)14 b FE(COMMAND_SIZE)e FH(macro,)h(de\014ned)i(in)g=0A=
FE(scsi.h)p =
FH(,)e(can)h(b)q(e)g(used)h(to)e(determine)i(the)f(length)g(of)=0A=
150 1435 y(the)h(curren)o(t)g(SCSI)h(command.)221 1523 y FE(result)10=0A=
b =
FH(is)h(used)h(to)e(store)g(the)h(result)h(co)q(de)f(from)f(the)h(SCSI)h=0A=
(request.)19 b(Please)11 b(see)g(section)h(1.7.7.2.5)150 1588=0A=
y(for)18 b(more)g(information)h(ab)q(out)g(this)g(v)m(ariable.)32=0A=
b(This)19 b(v)m(ariable)i FC(must)i =
FH(b)q(e)c(correctly)g(set)g(b)q(efore)g=0A=
(the)150 1652 y(lo)o(w-lev)o(el)e(routines)e(return.)150 1803=0A=
y FD(1.7.8.1.2)55 b(The)18 b(Scatter-Gather)j(List)150 1921=0A=
y FE(use_sg)e =
FH(con)o(tains)h(a)f(coun)o(t)h(of)f(the)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g=0A=
(of)f(pieces)j(in)e(the)g(scatter-gather)e(c)o(hain.)35 b(If)20=0A=
b FE(use_sg)150 1985 y FH(is)26 b(zero,)h(then)e FE(request_buffer)e=0A=
FH(p)q(oin)o(ts)j(to)e(the)h(data)f(bu\013er)i(for)f(the)g(SCSI)h(command=
,)h=0A=
(and)150 2049 y FE(request_bufflen)14 b =
FH(is)i(the)f(length)i(of)e(this)h=0A=
(bu\013er)g(in)h(b)o(ytes.)k(Otherwise,)16 b FE(request_buffer)e=0A=
FH(p)q(oin)o(ts)150 2114 y(to)f(an)h(arra)o(y)f(of)h FE(scatterlist)e=0A=
FH(structures,)i(and)g FE(use_sg)f =
FH(will)i(indicate)h(ho)o(w)d(man)o(y)h=0A=
(suc)o(h)g(structures)150 2178 =
y(are)h(in)h(the)f(arra)o(y)l(.)k(The)c(use)h=0A=
(of)f FE(request_buffer)e =
FH(is)j(non-in)o(tuitiv)o(e)h(and)e(confusing.)221=0A=
2266 y(Eac)o(h)e(elemen)o(t)i(of)e(the)h FE(scatterlist)e =
FH(arra)o(y)h(con)o=0A=
(tains)h(an)g FE(address)f FH(and)h(a)f FE(length)g =
FH(comp)q(onen)o(t.)150=0A=
2330 y(If)i(the)g FE(unchecked_isa_dma)e FH(\015ag)h(in)i(the)f=0A=
FE(Scsi_Host)f FH(structure)g(is)i(set)f(to)f(1)g(\(see)h(section)h=0A=
(1.7.7.1.7)150 2395 =
y(for)h(more)f(information)i(on)f(DMA)g(transfers\),)f=0A=
(the)h(address)h(is)f(guaran)o(teed)g(to)g(b)q(e)h(within)g(the)f(\014rst=
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2459 y(16)j(MB)g(of)g(ph)o(ysical)i(memory)l(.)35 b(Large)21=0A=
b(amoun)o(ts)e(of)h(data)g(will)i(b)q(e)g(pro)q(cessed)f(b)o(y)f(a)g(sing=
le)i=0A=
(SCSI)p 150 2498 720 2 v 192 2531 a FA(20)225 2546 y =
Fl(Li)q(n)r(u)r(x)e(0.9)=0A=
r(9)s(.)q(7)f(k)o(e)q(r)r(n)r(e)r(l)r(,)f Fk(linux/ker)o(nel)o(/bl)o(k)p=0A=
925 2546 12 2 v 11 w(drv/scsi/)o(scs)o(i.)o(h)p eop=0A=
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64 74 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(1.7.)42 b(W)l(riting)19=0A=
b(a)f(SCSI)f(Device)h(Driv)o(er)946 b FH(64)245 144 y FE(typedef)23=0A=
b(struct)g(scsi_cmnd)245 209 y({)293 273 y(int)334 b(host;)293=0A=
338 y(unsigned)23 b(char)95 b(target,)699 402 y(lun,)699 466=0A=
y(index;)293 531 y(struct)23 b(scsi_cmnd)g(*next,)699 595 y(*prev;)293=0A=
724 y(unsigned)g(char)95 b(cmnd[10];)293 788 y(unsigned)214=0A=
b(request_bufflen;)293 852 y(void)310 b(*request_buffer;)293=0A=
981 y(unsigned)23 b(char)95 b(data_cmnd[10];)293 1045 y(unsigned)23=0A=
b(short)71 b(use_sg;)293 1110 y(unsigned)23 b(short)71 b(sglist_len;)293=0A=
1174 y(unsigned)214 b(bufflen;)293 1239 y(void)310 b(*buffer;)293=0A=
1367 y(struct)23 b(request)71 b(request;)293 1432 y(unsigned)23=0A=
b(char)95 b(sense_buffer[16];)293 1496 y(int)334 b(retries;)293=0A=
1560 y(int)g(allowed;)293 1625 y(int)g(timeout_per_command,)699=0A=
1689 y(timeout_total,)699 1753 y(timeout;)293 1818 y(unsigned)23=0A=
b(char)95 b(internal_timeout;)293 1882 y(unsigned)214 b(flags;)293=0A=
2011 y(void)23 b(\(*scsi_done\)\(struct)f(scsi_cmnd)g(*\);)293=0A=
2075 y(void)h(\(*done\)\(struct)f(scsi_cmnd)h(*\);)293 2204=0A=
y(Scsi_Pointer)118 b(SCp;)293 2268 y(unsigned)23 b(char)95=0A=
b(*host_scribble;)293 2333 y(int)334 b(result;)245 2461 y(})24=0A=
b(Scsi_Cmnd;)681 2632 y FH(Figure)15 b(1.6:)k(The)d FE(Scsi)p=0A=
1108 2632 15 2 v 16 w(Cmnd)f FH(Structure)p eop=0A=
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65 75 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(1.7.)42 b(W)l(riting)19=0A=
b(a)f(SCSI)f(Device)h(Driv)o(er)946 b FH(65)150 88 y(command.)19=0A=
b(The)13 b(length)h(of)e(these)h(data)g(will)h(b)q(e)g(equal)f(to)g(the)g=0A=
(sum)g(of)f(the)h(lengths)h(of)e(all)i(the)f(bu\013ers)150=0A=
153 y(p)q(oin)o(ted)j(to)f(b)o(y)g(the)g FE(scatterlist)f =
FH(arra)o(y)l(.)150=0A=
304 y FD(1.7.8.2)54 b(Scratc)o(h)19 b(Areas)150 421 y =
FH(Dep)q(ending)e(on)d=0A=
(the)h(capabilities)i(and)f(requiremen)o(ts)f(of)f(the)h(host)g(adapter,)=
f=0A=
(the)h(scatter-gather)e(list)150 486 y(can)18 =
b(b)q(e)h(handled)h(in)e(a)g(v)=0A=
m(ariet)o(y)g(of)g(w)o(a)o(ys.)27 b(T)l(o)18 b(supp)q(ort)g(m)o(ultiple)i=0A=
(metho)q(ds,)f(sev)o(eral)f(scratc)o(h)g(areas)150 550 =
y(are)d(pro)o(vided)h=0A=
(for)e(the)i(exclusiv)o(e)h(use)e(of)g(the)g(lo)o(w-lev)o(el)i(driv)o(er.=
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702 y FD(1.7.8.2.1)55 b(The)18 b FE(scsi)p 597 702 15 2 v 16=0A=
w(done\(\))f FD(P)o(oin)o(ter)150 819 y =
FH(This)e(p)q(oin)o(ter)g(should)h(b)=0A=
q(e)f(set)f(to)g(the)h FE(done\(\))f =
FH(function)h(p)q(oin)o(ter)g(in)h(the)e=0A=
FE(queuecommand\(\))f FH(function)150 883 y(\(see)i(section)h(1.7.7.2.4)c=0A=
(for)j(more)g(information\).)k(There)d(are)f(no)g(other)g(uses)g(for)g(th=
is)g=0A=
(p)q(oin)o(ter.)150 1035 y FD(1.7.8.2.2)55 b(The)18 b FE(host)p=0A=
597 1035 V 16 w(scribble)f FD(P)o(oin)o(ter)150 1152 y =
FH(The)j(high-lev)o=0A=
(el)i(co)q(de)e(supplies)i(a)d(pair)h(of)g(memory)f(allo)q(cation)i=0A=
(functions,)g FE(scsi_malloc\(\))d FH(and)150 1216 y FE(scsi_free\(\))p=0A=
FH(,)13 =
b(whic)o(h)i(are)f(guaran)o(teed)g(to)f(return)h(memory)g(in)h(the)g=0A=
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b(This)18 =
b(memory)e(is,)h(therefore,)f(suitable)i(for)f(use)g(with)g(DMA.)24=0A=
b(The)17 b(amoun)o(t)f(of)g(memory)g(allo-)150 1345 y(cated)f(p)q(er)h=0A=
(request)g FC(must)k =
FH(b)q(e)c(a)f(m)o(ultiple)i(of)e(512)g(b)o(ytes,)g(and)=0A=
h FC(must)k FH(b)q(e)c(less)g(than)f(or)g(equal)h(to)f(4096)150=0A=
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(ailable)j(via)e FE(scsi_malloc\(\))d =
FH(is)j(a)g(complex)g(function)g(of)150=0A=
1474 y(the)f FE(Scsi_Host)e FH(structure)i(v)m(ariables)h =
FE(sg_tablesize)p=0A=
FH(,)d FE(cmd_per_lun)p FH(,)g(and)i FE(unchecked_isa_dma)p=0A=
FH(.)221 1561 y(The)h FE(host_scribble)e FH(p)q(oin)o(ter)i(is)g(a)o(v)m=0A=
(ailable)i(to)d(p)q(oin)o(t)h(to)g(a)f(region)h(of)g(memory)f(allo)q(cate=
d)i=0A=
(with)150 1626 y FE(scsi_malloc\(\))p =
FH(.)h(The)d(lo)o(w-lev)o(el)h(SCSI)f=0A=
(driv)o(er)g(is)g(resp)q(onsible)i(for)c(managing)i(this)g(p)q(oin)o(ter)=
g=0A=
(and)g(its)150 1690 =
y(asso)q(ciated)g(memory)l(,)g(and)g(should)h(free)g(the)=0A=
f(area)g(when)g(it)h(is)f(no)h(longer)f(needed.)150 1842 y=0A=
FD(1.7.8.2.3)55 b(The)18 b FE(Scsi)p 597 1842 V 16 w(Pointer)f=0A=
FD(Structure)150 1959 y FH(The)g FE(SCp)e =
FH(v)m(ariable,)j(a)e(structure)g=0A=
(of)g(t)o(yp)q(e)g FE(Scsi_Pointer)p =
FH(,)f(is)i(describ)q(ed)h(in)f(Figure)f=0A=
(1.7.)23 b(The)16 b(v)m(ari-)150 2023 =
y(ables)g(in)g(this)g(structure)f(can)h=0A=
(b)q(e)g(used)g(in)g FC(any)j FH(w)o(a)o(y)c(necessary)g(in)h(the)g(lo)o=0A=
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2152 y(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)c(of)f(en)o(tries)h(remaining)g(in)g(the)g=0A=
FE(scatterlist)p FH(,)e FE(ptr)g =
FH(is)i(used)g(as)f(a)h(p)q(oin)o(ter)f(in)o=0A=
(to)h(the)f(bu\013er,)150 2216 y(and)i FE(this_residual)d =
FH(coun)o(ts)i(the)=0A=
h(c)o(haracters)f(remaining)h(in)h(the)e(transfer.)26 b(Some)17=0A=
b(host)g(adapters)150 2281 =
y(require)f(supp)q(ort)f(of)g(this)h(detail)g(of)f=0A=
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1=0A=
2368 =
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%%Page: 66 77=0A=
66 76 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(1.8.)42 =
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1198 b FH(66)245 144 y FE(typedef)23 b(struct)g(scsi_pointer)245=0A=
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293 402 y(struct)g(scatterlist)g(*buffer;)237 b(/*)24 =
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293 466 y(int)382 b(buffers_residual;)21 =
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w(Pointer)e FH(Structure)150 1262 y Ft(1.8)70 =
b(Ac)n(kno)n(wledgemen)n(ts)150=0A=
1395 y FH(Thanks)14 =
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67 77 bop 150 438 a Fv(Chapter)34 b(2)150 686 y Fx(The)40 b=0A=
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b(pro)q(c)g(\014lesystem)g=0A=
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(ed)g(out,)f FH(or)e(unless)h(the)f(pro)q(cess)h(is)f(a)g(zom)o(bie.)32=0A=
b(In)450 2212 y(either)15 b(of)e(these)h(later)g(cases,)g(there)g(is)g=0A=
(nothing)h(in)g(this)f(\014le:)20 b(i.e.)g(a)14 =
b(read)g(on)g(this)g(\014le)=0A=
450 2276 y(will)h(return)f(as)f(ha)o(ving)h(read)g(0)f(c)o(haracters.)19=0A=
b(This)14 b(\014le)h(is)f(n)o(ull-terminated,)i(but)d FD(not)450=0A=
2340 y FH(newline-terminated.)150 2444 y FE(cwd)228 b FH(A)14=0A=
b(link)h(to)e(the)h(curren)o(t)g(w)o(orking)g(directory)g(of)f(that)g(pro=
)q=0A=
(cess.)20 b(T)l(o)14 b(\014nd)g(out)g(the)g(cwd)450 2508 =
y(of)h(pro)q(cess)g=0A=
(20,)f(sa)o(y)l(,)h(y)o(ou)g(can)g(do)g(this:)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 71 82=0A=
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b(/proc/20/cwd;)e(pwd\))150 192 y FE(environ)132 b FH(This)19=0A=
b(\014le)h(con)o(tains)e(the)h(en)o(vironmen)o(t)g(for)f(the)g(pro)q(cess=
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b(There)18 b(are)h(no)f(newlines)450 256 y(in)f(this)g(\014le:)24=0A=
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y(c)o(haracter)d(at)g=0A=
(the)h(end.)20 b(Th)o(us,)14 =
b(to)g(prin)o(t)h(out)g(the)f(en)o(vironmen)o(t)=0A=
h(of)g(pro)q(cess)f(10,)g(y)o(ou)450 385 y(w)o(ould)i(do:)550=0A=
480 y Fs(cat)21 b(/proc/10/environ)e(|)i(tr)h("\\000")e("\\n")450=0A=
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(newline)i(terminated..)150 685 y FE(exe)228 b FH(This)16 =
b(is)f(a)g(link)i=0A=
(to)e(the)g(executable.)21 b(Y)l(ou)15 b(can)h(t)o(yp)q(e)550=0A=
780 y Fs(/proc/10/exe)450 882 y FH(to)f(run)g(another)g(cop)o(y)g(of)g=0A=
(whatev)o(er)f(pro)q(cess)i(10)e(is.)150 985 y FE(fd)252 b=0A=
FH(This)18 =
b(is)g(a)g(sub)q(directory)g(con)o(taining)h(one)f(en)o(try)f(for)=0A=
g(eac)o(h)h(\014le)g(whic)o(h)h(the)f(pro)q(cess)450 1050 =
y(has)d(op)q(en,)g=0A=
(named)g(b)o(y)g(its)g(\014le)h(descripter,)f(and)g(whic)o(h)h(is)f(a)g(l=
ink)=0A=
h(to)e(the)h(actual)g(\014le.)450 1114 =
y(Programs)i(that)i(will)h(tak)o(e)f=0A=
(a)f(\014lename,)j(but)e(will)i(not)d(tak)o(e)h(the)g(standard)f(input,)4=
50=0A=
1178 =
y(and)c(whic)o(h)h(write)f(to)f(a)h(\014le,)h(but)f(will)h(not)f(send)h=0A=
(their)f(output)g(to)f(standard)h(output,)450 1243 y(can)k(b)q(e)h=0A=
(e\013ectiv)o(ely)h(foiled)g(this)e(w)o(a)o(y)l(,)g(assuming)h(that)e=0A=
FE(-i)h FH(is)h(the)f(\015ag)g(designating)450 1307 =
y(an)d(input)h(\014le)h=0A=
(and)e FE(-o)g =
FH(is)h(the)f(\015ag)g(designating)h(an)f(output)g(\014le:)550=0A=
1402 y Fs(...)21 =
b(|)h(foobar)e(-i)i(/proc/self/fd/0)c(-o)k(/proc/self/fd/1)c=0A=
(|)k(...)450 1504 y FC(V)m(oil\023)-23 b(a.)19 b FH(Instan)o(t)14=0A=
b(\014lter!)21 b(Note)14 b(that)f(this)i(will)i(not)d(w)o(ork)f(for)h=0A=
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(\014les)g(in)g(the)f FE(fd)g FH(directory)g(are)g(not)g(seek)m(able.)150=0A=
1672 y FE(maps)204 b FH(This)17 =
b(is)h(a)e(\014le)i(whic)o(h)f(con)o(tains)g=0A=
(a)f(listing)j(of)d(all)i(the)e(memory)h(mappings)g(that)f(the)450=0A=
1736 y(pro)q(cess)c(is)g(using.)19 b(The)12 b(shared)f(libraries)i(are)e=0A=
(mapp)q(ed)h(in)h(this)e(w)o(a)o(y)l(,)g(so)g(there)h(should)450=0A=
1800 =
y(b)q(e)j(one)g(en)o(try)f(for)f(eac)o(h)i(shared)f(library)i(in)f(use,)=0A=
f(and)h(some)f(pro)q(cesses)h(use)g(memory)450 1865 =
y(maps)g(for)g(other)f=0A=
(purp)q(oses)i(as)f(w)o(ell.)21 b(Here)15 b(is)h(an)f(example:)550=0A=
1959 y Fs(00000000-00013000)j(r-xs)j(00000400)f(03:03)h(12164)550=0A=
2016 y(00013000-00014000)d(rwxp)j(00013400)f(03:03)h(12164)550=0A=
2073 y(00014000-0001c000)d(rwxp)j(00000000)f(00:00)h(0)550=0A=
2130 y(bffff000-c0000000)d(rwxp)j(00000000)f(00:00)h(0)450=0A=
2232 y FH(The)15 =
b(\014rst)g(\014eld)i(is)e(a)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(de\014ning)=0A=
h(the)e(start)f(of)h(the)g(mapp)q(ed)h(range.)450 2296 y(the)f(second)h=0A=
(\014eld)g(is)g(a)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(de\014ning)g(the)g(end)f(of)g(the)h=0A=
(mapp)q(ed)f(range.)450 2361 y(The)g(third)h(\014eld)h(giv)o(es)e(the)g=0A=
(\015ags:)450 2425 y FE(r)g FH(means)g(readable,)h FE(-)f =
FH(means)g(not.)450=0A=
2489 y FE(w)g FH(means)g(writeable,)h FE(-)f FH(means)g(not.)450=0A=
2554 y FE(x)g FH(means)g(executable,)h FE(-)f FH(means)g(not.)p=0A=
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%%Page: 72 83=0A=
72 82 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(2.1.)42 b FE(/proc)17=0A=
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b FH(means)g(shared,)g FE(p)g FH(means)g(priv)m(ate.)450 153=0A=
y(The)g(fourth)g(\014eld)i(is)e(the)h(o\013set)f(at)f(whic)o(h)i(it)g(is)=
g=0A=
(mapp)q(ed.)450 217 y(The)21 b(\014fth)h(\014eld)g(indicates)h(the)e=0A=
FC(major)p FH(:)p FC(minor)g =
FH(device)i(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)e(the)h(\014le)=0A=
i(b)q(eing)450 281 y(mapp)q(ed.)450 346 y(The)15 b(sixth)h(\014eld)h=0A=
(indicates)f(the)f(ino)q(de)i(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(of)g(the)h(\014le)g(b)q(e=
ing)=0A=
g(mapp)q(ed.)150 449 y FE(mem)228 b FH(This)13 b(is)g FD(not)f=0A=
FH(the)h(same)f(as)f(the)i(mem)f(\(1,1\))e(device,)k(despite)g(the)e(fact=
)g=0A=
(that)f(it)i(has)f(the)450 514 =
y(same)i(device)i(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers.)k(The)15=0A=
b(/dev/mem)g(device)h(is)f(the)g(ph)o(ysical)h(memory)e(b)q(efore)450=0A=
578 =
y(an)o(y)h(address)f(translation)h(is)h(done,)f(but)g(the)g(mem)g(\014le)=0A=
g(here)h(is)f(the)g(memory)f(of)h(the)450 642 =
y(pro)q(cess)f(that)f(accesses)=0A=
h(it.)20 b(This)14 b(cannot)g(b)q(e)g FE(mmap\(\))p =
FH(ed)f(curren)o(tly)l(,)=0A=
i(and)f(will)h(not)e(b)q(e)450 707 y(un)o(til)j(a)f(general)h=0A=
FE(mmap\(\))e FH(is)i(added)g(to)e(the)i(k)o(ernel.)150 810=0A=
y FE(root)204 b FH(This)21 =
b(is)h(a)e(p)q(oin)o(ter)i(to)e(the)h(ro)q(ot)f=0A=
(directory)h(of)g(the)g(pro)q(cess.)37 b(This)21 b(is)h(useful)g(for)450=0A=
875 y(programs)14 b(that)g(call)j FE(chroot\(\))p =
FH(,)d(suc)o(h)h(as)g(ftp)q=0A=
(d.)150 978 y FE(stat)204 b FH(This)17 =
b(\014le)g(con)o(tains)f(a)g(lot)h(of)=0A=
e(status)h(information)g(ab)q(out)g(the)g(pro)q(cess.)24 b(The)16=0A=
b(\014elds,)450 1042 y(in)g(order,)f(with)g(their)h(prop)q(er)f=0A=
FE(scanf\(\))f FH(format)g(sp)q(eci\014ers,)j(are:)450 1156=0A=
y(pid)f FE(\045d)174 b FH(The)15 b(pro)q(cess)h(id.)450 1259=0A=
y(comm)f FE(\(\045s\))70 b FH(The)12 =
b(\014lename)h(of)e(the)h(executable,)h=0A=
(in)f(paren)o(theses.)19 b(This)13 b(is)f(visible)750 1324=0A=
y(whether)j(or)g(not)g(the)g(executable)i(is)e(sw)o(app)q(ed)h(out.)450=0A=
1427 y(state)e FE(\045c)141 b FH(One)14 =
b(c)o(haracter)f(from)f(the)i(string)=0A=
f(\\RSDZT")g(where)h(R)f(is)h(running,)750 1491 =
y(S)h(is)f(sleeping)i(in)g=0A=
(an)e(in)o(terruptable)h(w)o(ait,)f(D)g(is)h(sleeping)h(in)f(an)f(un-)750=0A=
1556 =
y(in)o(terruptable)i(w)o(ait)f(or)f(sw)o(apping,)h(Z)g(is)h(zom)o(bie,)f=0A=
(and)h(T)f(is)g(traced)750 1620 =
y(or)g(stopp)q(ed)g(\(on)g(a)g(signal\).)450=0A=
1724 y(ppid)i FE(\045d)148 b FH(The)15 b(pid)i(of)d(the)i(paren)o(t.)450=0A=
1827 y(pgrp)f FE(\045d)146 b FH(The)15 =
b(pgrp)h(of)e(the)i(pro)q(cess.)450=0A=
1931 y(session)g FE(\045d)102 b FH(The)15 =
b(session)h(id)g(of)f(the)g(pro)q=0A=
(cess.)450 2034 y(tt)o(y)f FE(\045d)179 b FH(The)15 =
b(tt)o(y)g(the)g(pro)q=0A=
(cess)g(uses.)450 2138 y(tpgid)h FE(\045d)133 b FH(The)19 =
b(pgrp)h(of)e(the)i=0A=
(pro)q(cess)f(whic)o(h)h(curren)o(tly)g(o)o(wns)e(the)h(tt)o(y)g(that)750=0A=
2202 y(the)c(pro)q(cess)h(is)f(connected)i(to.)450 2306 y(\015ags)e=0A=
FE(\045u)148 b FH(The)16 b(\015ags)g(of)g(the)g(pro)q(cess.)23=0A=
b(Curren)o(tly)l(,)16 b(ev)o(ery)g(\015ag)g(has)g(the)g(math)750=0A=
2370 =
y(bit)i(set,)g(b)q(ecause)h(crt0.s)d(c)o(hec)o(ks)i(for)f(math)g(em)o=0A=
(ulation,)i(so)e(this)h(is)750 2434 =
y(not)g(included)i(in)f(the)g(output.)28=0A=
b(This)19 b(is)f(probably)h(a)f(bug,)h(as)e(not)750 2499 y=0A=
FC(every)i =
FH(pro)q(cess)c(is)g(a)f(compiled)j(c)e(program.)j(The)d(math)g=0A=
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%%Page: 73 84=0A=
73 83 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(2.1.)42 b FE(/proc)17=0A=
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192 y(min)p 528 192 14 2 v 17 w(\015t)e FE(\045u)102 b FH(The)24=0A=
b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)f(minor)h(faults)f(the)h(pro)q(cess)g(has)f(made,)=
i=0A=
(those)750 256 y(whic)o(h)16 =
b(ha)o(v)o(e)f(not)g(required)h(loading)g(a)f=0A=
(memory)g(page)g(from)f(disk.)450 360 y(cmin)p 548 360 V 17=0A=
w(\015t)h FE(\045u)82 b FH(The)14 =
b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)g(minor)g(faults)g=0A=
(that)f(the)i(pro)q(cess)f(and)g(its)g(c)o(hildren)750 424=0A=
y(ha)o(v)o(e)h(made.)450 528 y(ma)s(j)p 531 528 V 15 w(\015t)g=0A=
FE(\045u)101 b FH(The)24 =
b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(ma)s(jor)f(faults)i(the)f=0A=
(pro)q(cess)h(has)f(made,)i(those)750 592 y(whic)o(h)16 b(ha)o(v)o(e)f=0A=
(required)h(loading)g(a)f(memory)g(page)g(from)f(disk.)450=0A=
695 y(cma)s(j)p 551 695 V 16 w(\015t)h FE(\045u)80 b FH(The)14=0A=
b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)g(ma)s(jor)e(faults)i(that)f(the)h(pro)q(cess)g(an=
d)g=0A=
(its)g(c)o(hildren)750 760 y(ha)o(v)o(e)h(made.)450 863 y(utime)h=0A=
FE(\045d)123 b FH(The)15 =
b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)f(ji\016es)h(that)f(this)h=0A=
(pro)q(cess)g(has)f(b)q(een)i(sc)o(heduled)g(in)750 928 =
y(user)f(mo)q(de.)450=0A=
1031 y(stime)g FE(\045d)131 b FH(The)15 =
b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)f(ji\016es)h=0A=
(that)f(this)h(pro)q(cess)g(has)f(b)q(een)i(sc)o(heduled)g(in)750=0A=
1096 y(k)o(ernel)g(mo)q(de.)450 1199 y(cutime)g FE(\045d)103=0A=
b FH(The)18 b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)f(ji\016es)g(that)g(this)g(pro)q(ces)h=0A=
(and)f(its)g(c)o(hildren)i(ha)o(v)o(e)750 1263 =
y(b)q(een)c(sc)o(heduled)h(in)=0A=
f(user)g(mo)q(de.)450 1367 y(cstime)g FE(\045d)110 b FH(The)18=0A=
b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)f(ji\016es)g(that)g(this)g(pro)q(ces)h(and)f(its)g=
(c)o=0A=
(hildren)i(ha)o(v)o(e)750 1431 =
y(b)q(een)c(sc)o(heduled)h(in)f(k)o(ernel)g=0A=
(mo)q(de.)450 1535 y(coun)o(ter)f FE(\045d)89 b FH(The)24 b(curren)o(t)f=0A=
(maxim)o(um)g(size)h(in)h(ji\016es)e(of)g(the)h(pro)q(cess's)f(next)750=0A=
1599 =
y(timeslice,)h(of)d(what)g(is)h(curren)o(tly)g(left)g(of)f(its)g(curren)=0A=
o(t)g(timeslice,)750 1663 y(if)16 =
b(it)f(is)h(the)f(curren)o(tly)h(running)g=0A=
(pro)q(cess.)450 1767 y(priorit)o(y)f FE(\045d)88 b FH(The)11=0A=
b(standard)f Fn(un)p FB(?)p Fn(x)g =
FH(nice)i(v)m(alue,)g(plus)f(\014fteen.)19=0A=
b(The)11 b(v)m(alue)h(is)f(nev)o(er)750 1831 =
y(negativ)o(e)k(in)h(the)g(k)o=0A=
(ernel.)450 1935 y(timeout)f FE(\045u)83 b FH(The)15 =
b(time)h(in)g(ji\016es)g=0A=
(of)e(the)i(pro)q(cess's)f(next)g(timeout.)450 2103 y(it)p=0A=
483 2103 V 17 w(real)p 573 2103 V 16 w(v)m(alue)i FE(\045u)750=0A=
2167 y FH(The)c(time)f(in)h(ji\016es)g(b)q(efore)g(the)f(in)o(terv)m(al)h=0A=
(timer)g(mec)o(hanism)g(causes)750 2231 y(a)i FE(SIGALRM)f=0A=
FH(to)h(b)q(e)g(sen)o(t)g(to)g(the)g(pro)q(cess.)450 2335 y(start)p=0A=
548 2335 V 15 w(time)h FE(\045d)38 b FH(Time)16 =
b(the)f(pro)q(cess)g(started)=0A=
g(in)h(ji\016es)g(after)e(system)h(b)q(o)q(ot.)450 2438 y(vsize)h=0A=
FE(\045u)142 b FH(Virtual)16 b(memory)f(size)450 2542 y(rss)g=0A=
FE(\045u)183 b FH(Residen)o(t)19 b(Set)f(Size:)26 b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)17=0A=
b(of)h(pages)f(the)h(pro)q(cess)g(has)f(in)i FD(real)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 74 85=0A=
74 84 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(2.1.)42 b FE(/proc)17=0A=
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b(min)o(us)h(3)e(for)h(administrativ)o(e)g(purp)q(oses.)19=0A=
b(This)12 b(is)f(just)g(the)750 153 y(pages)17 =
b(whic)o(h)i(coun)o(t)e(to)o=0A=
(w)o(ards)f(text,)i(data,)f(or)g(stac)o(k)g(space.)27 b(This)750=0A=
217 y(do)q(es)16 b FD(not)g =
FH(include)i(pages)d(whic)o(h)i(ha)o(v)o(e)e(not)=0A=
g(b)q(een)h(demand-loaded)750 281 =
y(in,)g(or)e(whic)o(h)i(are)f(sw)o(app)q=0A=
(ed)h(out.)450 385 y(rlim)g FE(\045u)156 b FH(Curren)o(t)15=0A=
b(limit)h(on)f(the)h(size)g(of)f(the)g(pro)q(cess,)g(2GB)g(b)o(y)g(defaul=
t.)=0A=
450 488 y(start)p 548 488 14 2 v 15 w(co)q(de)h FE(\045u)37=0A=
b FH(The)15 =
b(address)h(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)e(whic)o(h)j(program)d(text)g(can)i=0A=
(run.)450 592 y(end)p 523 592 V 17 w(co)q(de)g FE(\045u)60=0A=
b FH(The)15 =
b(address)h(b)q(elo)o(w)f(whic)o(h)i(program)d(text)g(can)i(run.)=0A=
450 760 y(start)p 548 760 V 15 w(stac)o(k)f FE(\045u)750 824=0A=
y FH(The)g(address)h(of)e(the)i(start)e(of)g(the)i(stac)o(k.)450=0A=
928 y(kstk)p 537 928 V 16 w(esp)f FE(\045u)74 b FH(The)18 =
b(curren)o(t)f(v)m=0A=
(alue)i(of)e(esp)h(\(32)f(bit)h(stac)o(k)f(p)q(oin)o(ter\),)h(as)f(found)=
h=0A=
(in)750 992 =
y(the)d(k)o(ernel)h(stac)o(k)f(page)g(for)f(the)i(pro)q(cess.)450=0A=
1096 y(kstk)p 537 1096 V 16 w(eip)g FE(\045u)79 b FH(The)13=0A=
b(curren)o(t)f(v)m(alue)h(of)f(eip)i(\(32)d(bit)i(instruction)g(p)q(oin)o=0A=
(ter\),)g(as)f(found)750 1160 =
y(in)k(the)f(k)o(ernel)h(stac)o(k)f(page)g(for)=0A=
f(the)i(pro)q(cess.)450 1263 y(signal)g FE(\045d)123 b FH(The)15=0A=
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1367 y(blo)q(c)o(k)o(ed)g FE(\045d)88 b FH(The)15 =
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1470 y(sigignore)h FE(\045d)62 b FH(The)15 b(bitmap)h(of)f(ignored)h=0A=
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b(bitmap)h(of)f(catc)o(hed)g(signals.)450 1677 y(w)o(c)o(han)g=0A=
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b(is)g(the)g(\\c)o(hannel")g(in)h(whic)o(h)f(the)g=0A=
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1984 =
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b(total)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)g(pages)f(that)h(the)g(pro)q(cess)g(has)g(=
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FD(not)h FH(include)h(shared)f(library)g(pages.)450 656 y(lrs)g=0A=
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721 =
y(b)o(y)j(the)g(pro)q(cess)h(that)e(are)h(presen)o(t)g(in)h(ph)o(ysical)h=0A=
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b(Residen)o(t)j(Size:)=0A=
19 b(the)11 =
b(total)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)f(data)f(pages)h(b)q(elonging)750=0A=
889 y(to)16 =
b(the)g(pro)q(cess)h(that)e(are)i(presen)o(t)f(in)h(ph)o(ysical)h=0A=
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b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)e=0A=
(library)i(pages)f(whic)o(h)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(b)q(een)h(accessed)g(\(i.e.,)7=
50=0A=
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b(of)h(the)g(/pro)r(c)g(\014lesystem)150 1431 y FH(The)13 b(pro)q(c)g=0A=
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h(\014les)h(exist)f(in)h(an)o(y)f(real)g(directory)150 1495=0A=
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y(One)i(of)f(the)g(most)g(in)o=0A=
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b(directories)h(are)f=0A=
(implemen)o(ted.)42 b(Essen)o(tially)l(,)25 b(ev)o(ery)c(pro)q(cess)i=0A=
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h(greater)f(than)g FE(0x0000ffff)p FH(.)150 1905 y(Within)16=0A=
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y(ino)q(de)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(ha)o(v)o(e)f(b)q(een)h(mask)o(ed)f(o\013)=0A=
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2057 y(Another)21 =
b(in)o(teresting)i(feature)f(is)g(that)f(unlik)o(e)j(in)e=0A=
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FH(structure)h(for)g(the)h=0A=
(whole)g(\014lesystem,)j(as)c(\014le)i(lo)q(okup)f(is)g(done,)j(di\013ere=
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(t)150 2186 y FE(file)p 249 2186 V 17 w(operations)14 b =
FH(structures)h(are)g=0A=
(assigned)g(to)g(the)h FE(f)p 1147 2186 V 17 w(ops)e =
FH(mem)o(b)q(er)i(of)f=0A=
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(for)e(directory)h(lo)q(okup)150 2314 y(and)i(\014le)i(reading.)221=0A=
2402 y =
FD([Expand)g(on)f(this)g(section)h(later)h(|)e(righ)o(t)h(no)o(w)f(it)=0A=
h(is)f(mostly)f(here)i(to)f(remind)h(me)f(to)150 2467 y(\014nish)i(it)p=0A=
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b(the)e(/pro)q(c)i(\014lesystem)842 b FH(76)150 88 y Ft(2.3)70=0A=
b(Programming)22 b(the)h(/pro)r(c)g(\014lesystem)150 221 y=0A=
FD(Note:)32 b FH(the)21 =
b(co)q(de)g(fragmen)o(ts)f(in)h(this)g(section)h(w)o=0A=
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95=0A=
b Fr(3)150 286 y FH(exactly)l(,)15 b(as)e(the)i FE(/proc)e=0A=
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1252 y(};)150 1377 y =
FH(and)c(some)f(\014les)i(are)e(dynamically)j(created)d=0A=
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150 1442 y(\(those)k(with)g(n)o(umerical)h(names)g(and)f FE(self)p=0A=
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1344 1787 V 17 w(operations)d FH(structure,)j(within)150 1851=0A=
y(arra)o(y)l(.c.)221 1939 y(Other)c(directories,)i(suc)o(h)f(as)f(/pro)q=0A=
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y(net)h(directory)g(itself)g(has)f(ino)q=0A=
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b(\014les)g(within)h(that)e(directory)=0A=
h(use)g(ino)q(de)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)150 2068 =
y(from)d(the)g(range)h(128{160,)=0A=
d(and)j(those)f(are)g(uniquely)j(iden)o(ti\014ed)f(in)g(ino)q(de.c)f(and)=
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b(that)f(it)h(is)g(not)f(a)h(dynamically)h(allo)q=0A=
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(here)g(are)e(the)i(steps:)1068 2332 y Fm(2)p 150 2388 720=0A=
2 v 207 2416 a FA(2)225 2431 y =
Fl(Un)r(l)r(e)r(s)r(s)g(y)o(o)q(u)h(ar)q(e)f=0A=
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(th)q(e)i(re)q(p)r(l)r(i)r(c)r(a)r(t)r(i)r(n)s(g)r(,)f(dy)r(n)s(a)s(m)s(i=
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(c)r(a)r(l)r(l)r(y)h(al)q(l)r(o)t(c)r(a)r(t)r(e)r(d)g(pr)r(o)s(c)r(e)r(s)=
r(s)=0A=
g(di)q(r)r(e)r(c)r(t)q(o)s(r)q(y,)150 2483 =
y(y)o(o)r(u)h(w)o(o)r(u)s(l)r(d)h=0A=
(ha)q(v)q(e)f(to)f(cr)q(e)r(a)r(t)r(e)h(a)d(ne)r(w)j(\014l)r(e)r(s)r(y)r(=
s)r=0A=
(t)r(e)r(m)h(t)o(y)q(p)t(e)r(,)e(si)q(m)t(i)q(l)r(a)s(r)g(to)g(th)r(e)h(p=
r)q=0A=
(o)s(c)g(\014l)r(e)r(s)r(y)r(s)r(t)r(e)r(m)h(in)f(de)r(s)q(i)r(g)s(n)r(.)=
22=0A=
b(Su)r(b)t(d)s(i)r(r)r(e)r(c)q(t)r(o)r(-)150 2535 y(ri)q(e)r(s)15=0A=
b(of)g(th)q(e)h(pr)q(o)t(c)r(e)r(s)q(s)g(di)r(r)q(e)r(c)r(t)r(o)r(r)r(i)r=
(e)r=0A=
(s)f(ar)q(e)h(su)r(p)s(p)s(o)s(r)q(t)r(e)r(d)h(b)o(y)f(th)q(e)g(me)r(c)q(=
h)s=0A=
(a)r(n)s(i)r(s)r(m)h(wh)s(i)q(c)q(h)g(dy)r(n)s(a)r(m)t(i)q(c)r(a)s(l)r(l)=
q(y)=0A=
g(cr)q(e)q(a)s(t)q(e)r(s)f(th)q(e)g(pr)r(o)s(c)r(e)r(s)r(s)p=0A=
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77 87 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(2.3.)36 b(Programming)19=0A=
b(the)f(/pro)q(c)h(\014lesystem)847 b FH(77)206 88 y(1.)22=0A=
b(Cho)q(ose)e(a)g FD(unique)g =
FH(range)g(of)g(ino)q(de)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers,)h=0A=
(giving)f(y)o(ourself)f(a)g(reasonable)h(amoun)o(t)e(of)264=0A=
153 y(ro)q(om)14 b(for)h(expansion.)21 b(Then,)15 =
b(righ)o(t)g(b)q(efore)g=0A=
(the)h(line)473 247 y Fs(if)21 b(\(!pid\))g({)g(/*)g(not)h(a)f(process)g=0A=
(directory)f(but)h(in)g(/proc/)g(*/)264 349 y FH(add)15 =
b(a)g(section)h(that)=0A=
e(lo)q(oks)i(lik)o(e)g(this:)473 443 y Fs(if)21 =
b(\(\(ino)g(>=3D)g(128\))g(&&)g=0A=
(\(ino)g(<=3D)h(160\)\))f({)g(/*)h(files)e(withing)h(/proc/net)f(*/)603=0A=
500 y(inode->i_mode)f(=3D)j(S_IFREG)e(|)i(0444;)603 556 =
y(inode->i_op)e(=3D)h=0A=
(&proc_net_inode_oper)o(atio)o(ns;)603 613 y(return;)473 670=0A=
y(})264 772 y =
FH(but)e(mo)q(dify)h(it)f(to)f(to)h(do)g(what)f(y)o(ou)h(w)o=0A=
(an)o(t.)31 b(F)l(or)18 =
b(instance,)j(p)q(erhaps)e(y)o(ou)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(a)g=0A=
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y(200{256,)f(and)i(some)f(\014les,)i(ino)q(des)g(200,)f=0A=
(201,)f(and)h(202,)f(and)h(some)f(directories,)j(whic)o(h)e(are)264=0A=
900 =
y(ino)q(des)d(204)e(and)i(205.)j(Y)l(ou)c(also)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(a)g(\014le)=0A=
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983 y(Y)l(our)e(example)h(migh)o(t)f(lo)q(ok)g(lik)o(e)i(this:)473=0A=
1078 y =
Fs(if)k(\(\(ino)g(>=3D)g(200\))g(&&)g(\(ino)g(<=3D)h(256\)\))f({)g(/*)h=0A=
(files)e(withing)h(/proc/foo)f(*/)603 1134 y(switch)h(\(ino\))g({)647=0A=
1191 y(case)g(204:)647 1248 y(case)g(205:)756 1305 =
y(inode->i_mode)e(=3D)j=0A=
(S_IFDIR)e(|)i(0555;)756 1361 =
y(inode->i_op)d(=3D)j(&proc_foo_inode_o)o(perat)o=0A=
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207 2265 a FA(1)225 2280 y Fl(In)23 =
b(th)q(e)h(80)r(3)r(8)r(6)s(,)g(lin)s(e)r=0A=
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y(m)q(e)r(m)s(o)r(r)r=0A=
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a)r=0A=
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y(ad)r(d)s(r)q(e)r(s)r(s)r(.)207=0A=
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b(se)q(l)r(e)r(c)r(t)q(o)r(r)g(p)=0A=
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2484 =
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(c)q=0A=
(a)s(t)q(e)r(d)s(.)1027 2678 y FH(96)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 97 108=0A=
97 107 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(5.1.)42 b(Ov)o(erview)1418=0A=
b FH(97)221 88 y(The)11 =
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FH(is)g(set)f(up)g=0A=
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FH(priv)m(ate)h(to)f(the)g(pro)q(cess.)218=0A=
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b(pro)q(cess)h(mak)o(es)f(a)g(system)h(call:)=0A=
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1301 =
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b(user)g(page)g(is)h(one)f(that)f(is)i(mapp)q(ed)g(b)q(elo)o=0A=
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s(x)=0A=
150 2481 =
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%%Page: 98 109=0A=
98 108 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(5.2.)42 b(Ph)o(ysical)18=0A=
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b(pages)f(b)q(elong)h(to)f(the)g=0A=
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%%Page: 99 110=0A=
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%%Page: 112 123=0A=
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FH(fs)c(is)h(set)f(to)g(the)g(user)h(data)=0A=
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b(means)g(system)f(segmen)o(t,)h=0A=
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1050 y =
FH(TSS:)f(P=3D1,)g(DPL=3D0,)g(S=3D0,)g(t)o(yp)q(e=3D9,)g(limit)i(=3D)e(23=
1)f(ro)=0A=
q(om)h(for)f(1)h FE(tss)p 1384 1050 15 2 v 17 w(struct)p FH(.)150=0A=
1114 =
y(LDT:)g(P=3D1,)g(DPL=3D0,)f(S=3D0,)i(t)o(yp)q(e=3D2,)f(limit)h(=3D)g(23)=
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y(The)g(base)h(is)f(set)g=0A=
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50=0A=
2031 =
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%%Page: 114 125=0A=
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FH(lt)o(yp)q(e)g(=3D)h=0A=
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624 y FD(ISBN:)219 b FH(0-13-637406-9)150 700 y FD(Appr.)19=0A=
b(Price:)77 b FH($50.00)264 855 y(This)16 =
b(b)q(o)q(ok,)f(while)i(a)e(little)=0A=
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(ideas,)264 920 =
y(is)i(a)g(fairly)g(clear)g(exp)q(osition)i(of)d(what)g(it)h=0A=
(tak)o(es)g(to)f(write)h(an)f(op)q(erating)i(system.)24 b(Half)264=0A=
984 y(the)12 =
b(b)q(o)q(ok)h(is)g(tak)o(en)f(up)h(with)f(the)h(source)g(co)q=0A=
(de)g(to)e(a)i Fn(un)p FB(?)p Fn(x)e =
FH(clone)j(called)g(Minix,)g(whic)o(h)f=0A=
(is)264 1048 y(based)j(on)g(a)f(microk)o(ernel,)i(unlik)o(e)h(Lin)o(ux,)f=0A=
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b(has)264 1113 =
y(b)q(een)i(said)g(that)f(Minix)h(sho)o(ws)f(that)g(it)h(is)f=0A=
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1177 y Fn(un)p FB(?)p Fn(x)p FH(,)d(but)h(do)q(es)h(not)e(adequately)i=0A=
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y(Lin)o(ux)e(w)o=0A=
(as)e(originally)j(in)o(tended)f(to)e(b)q(e)i(a)e(free)h(Minix)h(replacem=
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(t:)1530 1225 y Fm(1)1569 1241 y FH(In)f(fact,)g(it)g(w)o(as)264=0A=
1306 y(originally)k(to)f(b)q(e)h(binary-compatible)h(with)e(Minix-386.)20=0A=
b(Minix-386)c(w)o(as)e(the)h(dev)o(elop-)264 1370 =
y(men)o(t)i(en)o(vironmen)o=0A=
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b(but)g(v)o(esitiges)f(of)g(this)h(heritage)f(liv)o(e)i(on)e(in)h(suc)o(h=
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(design,)h(whic)o(h)g(w)o(as)f(in)o(teresting,)g(if)h(not)e(enligh)o(teni=
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FB(:)8 b(:)g(:)332 1627 y FH(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)14 =
b(this)i(b)q(o)q(ok)f(migh)=0A=
o(t)g(still)i(pro)o(v)o(e)e(w)o(orth)o(while)g(for)g(those)g(who)g(w)o(an=
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(t)g(a)g(basic)264 1692 =
y(explanation)g(of)f(OS)g(concepts,)h(as)f(T)l(anen)o=0A=
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y(remain)e(some)g(of)g(the)g(clearer)h(\(and)f(more)g(en)o(tertaining,)h(=
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(y)o(ou)g(lik)o(e)i(to)d(b)q(e)i(en)o(tertained\))264 1821=0A=
y(a)o(v)m(ailable.)34 b(Unfortunately)l(,)21 =
b(basic)f(is)g(the)g(k)o(ey)f(w)=0A=
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2064 y FD(Title:)238 b FH(Mo)q(dern)15 b(Op)q(erating)h(Systems)150=0A=
2140 y FD(Author:)182 b FH(Andrew)16 b(S.)f(T)l(anen)o(baum)150=0A=
2216 y FD(Publisher:)129 b FH(Pren)o(tice)16 b(Hall,)g(1992)150=0A=
2292 y FD(ISBN:)219 b FH(0-13-588187-0)150 2368 y FD(Appr.)19=0A=
b(Price:)77 b FH($51.75)p 150 2407 720 2 v 207 2440 a FA(1)225=0A=
2455 y Fl(Li)q(n)r(u)r(s)r(')18 =
b(M)q(i)r(n)s(i)r(x)r(,)g(Li)q(n)r(u)r(s)h=0A=
(te)q(l)r(l)q(s)g(us)r(.)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 121 132=0A=
121 131 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(A.2.)42 b(Annotated)20=0A=
b(Bibliograph)o(y)1045 b FH(121)264 88 y(The)12 =
b(\014rst)f(half)i(of)e(this)=0A=
h(b)q(o)q(ok)g(is)h(a)e(rewrite)h(of)g(T)l(anen)o(baum's)f(earlier)i=0A=
FC(Op)n(er)n(ating)g(Systems)p FH(,)264 153 =
y(but)i(this)g(b)q(o)q(ok)g(co)o=0A=
(v)o(ers)f(sev)o(eral)h(things)g(that)f(the)h(earlier)g(b)q(o)q(ok)g(miss=
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g(includin)q(g)i(suc)o(h)264 217 y(things)d(as)f(virtual)i(memory)l(.)k=0A=
(Minix)c(is)f(not)g(included,)i(but)e(o)o(v)o(erviews)g(of)f(MS-DOS)h(and=
)264=0A=
281 y(sev)o(eral)i(distributed)h(systems)f(are.)21 =
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(probably)h(more)e(useful)i(to)e(someone)264 346 =
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b(Design)19 b(and)i(Implementation.)34 b FH(Some)19 =
b(clue)i(as)f(to)f(the)h=0A=
(reason)264 475 y(ma)o(y)14 b(b)q(e)h(found)g(in)h(the)f(title)p=0A=
FB(:)8 b(:)g(:)21 b FH(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)14 =
b(what)g(DOS)h(is)g(doing)h(in)f=0A=
(a)g(b)q(o)q(ok)g(on)f FC(mo)n(dern)264 539 y =
FH(op)q(erating)h(systems,)f=0A=
(man)o(y)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g(failed)h(to)f(disco)o(v)o(er.)150 717=0A=
y FD(Title:)238 b FH(Op)q(erating)16 b(Systems)150 794 y FD(Author:)182=0A=
b FH(William)17 b(Stallings)150 870 y FD(Publisher:)129 b =
FH(Macmillan,)16=0A=
b(1992)e(\(800-548-9939\))150 946 y FD(ISBN:)219 b FH(0-02-415481-4)150=0A=
1022 y FD(Appr.)19 b(Price:)77 b FH($??.??)264 1177 y(A)15=0A=
b(v)o(ery)f(thorough)h(text)f(on)h(op)q(erating)g(systems,)g(this)g(b)q(o=
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(ok)g(giv)o(es)g(more)g(in-depth)i(co)o(v-)264 1241 y(erage)d(of)h(the)g=0A=
(topics)g(co)o(v)o(ered)g(in)g(T)l(annebaum's)g(b)q(o)q(oks,)g(and)g(co)o=
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(ers)f(more)h(topics,)g(in)h(a)264 1306 y(m)o(uc)o(h)c(brisk)o(er)g(st)o=0A=
(yle.)19 b(This)12 b(b)q(o)q(ok)h(co)o(v)o(ers)e(all)i(the)f(ma)s(jor)e=0A=
(topics)j(that)e(y)o(ou)h(w)o(ould)g(need)h(to)264 1370 y(kno)o(w)g(to)g=0A=
(build)j(an)d(op)q(erating)h(system,)f(and)h(do)q(es)g(so)f(in)i(a)e(clea=
r)h=0A=
(w)o(a)o(y)l(.)19 b(The)14 b(author)f(uses)264 1434 y(examples)19=0A=
b(from)g(three)g(ma)s(jor)e(systems,)i(comparing)g(and)h(con)o(trasting)e=0A=
(them:)27 b Fn(un)p FB(?)p Fn(x)p FH(,)264 1499 y(OS/2,)17=0A=
b(and)h(MVS.)f(With)h(eac)o(h)g(topic)g(co)o(v)o(ered,)f(these)h(example)=
h=0A=
(systems)e(are)g(used)h(to)264 1563 =
y(clarify)e(the)f(p)q(oin)o(ts)h(and)f=0A=
(pro)o(vide)h(an)f(example)h(of)f(an)g(implemen)o(tation.)332=0A=
1627 y(T)l(opics)d(co)o(v)o(ered)f(in)h FC(Op)n(er)n(ating)g(Systems)i=0A=
FH(include)f(threads,)f(real-time)g(systems,)f(m)o(ul-)264=0A=
1692 y(tipro)q(cessor)16 =
b(sc)o(heduling,)i(distributed)g(systems,)e(pro)q=0A=
(cess)g(migration,)g(and)h(securit)o(y)l(,)g(as)264 1756 y(w)o(ell)f(as)f=0A=
(the)h(standard)f(topics)h(lik)o(e)h(memory)e(managemen)o(t)g(and)h(sc)o=0A=
(heduling.)23 b(The)16 b(sec-)264 1821 y(tion)k(on)h(distributed)h(pro)q=0A=
(cessing)g(app)q(ears)e(to)g(b)q(e)i(up-to-date,)f(and)g(I)g(found)g(it)g=
(v)o=0A=
(ery)264 1885 y(helpful.)150 2064 y FD(Title:)238 b FH(UNIX)16=0A=
b(Net)o(w)o(ork)e(Programming)150 2140 y FD(Author:)182 b FH(W.)14=0A=
b(Ric)o(hard)j(Stev)o(ens)150 2216 y FD(Publisher:)129 b =
FH(Pren)o(tice)16=0A=
b(Hall,)g(1990)150 2292 y FD(ISBN:)219 b FH(0-13-949876-1)150=0A=
2368 y FD(Appr.)19 b(Price:)77 b FH($48.75)264 2523 y(This)20=0A=
b(b)q(o)q(ok)g(co)o(v)o(ers)f(sev)o(eral)g(kinds)i(of)e(net)o(w)o(orking)=
h=0A=
(under)g Fn(un)p FB(?)p Fn(x)p FH(,)g(and)g(pro)o(vides)g(v)o(ery)p=0A=
eop=0A=
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122 132 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(A.2.)42 b(Annotated)20=0A=
b(Bibliograph)o(y)1045 b FH(122)264 88 y(thorough)16 =
b(references)h(to)g(the)=0A=
g(forms)f(of)g(net)o(w)o(orking)h(that)f(it)h(do)q(es)g(not)g(co)o(v)o(er=
)f=0A=
(directly)l(.)264 153 =
y(It)e(co)o(v)o(ers)g(TCP/IP)g(and)h(XNS)g(most)f(hea)o=0A=
(vily)l(,)h(and)g(fairly)g(exhaustiv)o(ely)h(describ)q(es)g(ho)o(w)264=0A=
217 y(all)h(the)g(calls)h(w)o(ork.)23 b(It)16 =
b(also)h(has)f(a)h(description)=0A=
h(and)f(sample)g(co)q(de)g(using)g(System)g(V's)264 281 =
y(TLI,)f(and)h(prett)=0A=
o(y)e(complete)i(co)o(v)o(erage)f(of)g(System)g(V)g(IPC.)g(This)h(b)q(o)q=
(ok)=0A=
g(con)o(tains)f(a)g(lot)264 346 y(of)f(source)h(co)q(de)g(examples)g(to)f=0A=
(get)h(y)o(ou)f(started,)f(and)i(man)o(y)f(useful)i(pro)q(ceedures.)23=0A=
b(One)264 410 y(example)18 b(is)g(co)q(de)g(to)f(pro)o(vide)h(useable)h=0A=
(semaphores,)f(based)g(on)f(the)h(partially)g(brok)o(en)264=0A=
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653 y FD(Title:)238 b FH(Programming)14 =
b(in)i(the)g(UNIX)f(en)o(vironmen)o=0A=
(t)150 729 y FD(Author:)182 b FH(Brian)16 =
b(W.)e(Kernighan)j(and)e(Rob)q(ert)=0A=
h(Pik)o(e)150 805 y FD(Publisher:)129 b FH(Pren)o(tice)16 =
b(Hall,)g(1984)150=0A=
881 y FD(ISBN:)219 b FH(0-13-937699)13 =
b(\(hardco)o(v)o(er\))h(0-13-937681-X)=0A=
f(\(pap)q(erbac)o(k\))150 958 y FD(Appr.)19 b(Price:)77 b FH($??.??)332=0A=
1113 y FC(no)16 b(abstr)n(act)150 1291 y FD(Title:)238 b FH(W)l(riting)16=0A=
b(UNIX)g(Device)g(Driv)o(ers)150 1367 y FD(Author:)182 b FH(George)14=0A=
b(P)o(a)s(jari)150 1443 y FD(Publisher:)129 b FH(Addison)16=0A=
b(W)l(esley)l(,)g(1992)150 1520 y FD(ISBN:)219 b FH(0-201-52374-4)150=0A=
1596 y FD(Appr.)19 b(Price:)77 b FH($32.95)332 1751 y(This)19=0A=
b(b)q(o)q(ok)f(is)h(written)g(b)o(y)f(the)g(Presiden)o(t)h(and)g(founder)=
g=0A=
(of)e(Driv)o(er)i(Design)f(Labs,)264 1815 =
y(a)f(compan)o(y)g(whic)o(h)i(sp)q=0A=
(ecializes)h(in)f(the)f(dev)o(elopmen)o(t)g(of)f Fn(un)p FB(?)p=0A=
Fn(x)g FH(device)i(driv)o(ers.)28 b(This)264 1879 y(b)q(o)q(ok)14=0A=
b(is)g(an)g(excellen)o(t)h(in)o(tro)q(duction)g(to)e(the)h(sometimes)g(w)=
o=0A=
(ac)o(ky)f(w)o(orld)g(of)h(device)h(driv)o(er)264 1944 y(design.)27=0A=
b(The)18 =
b(four)f(basic)h(t)o(yp)q(es)g(of)f(driv)o(ers)h(\(c)o(haracter,)f=0A=
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y(\014rst)j(discussed)i=0A=
(brie\015y)l(.)40 b(Man)o(y)21 =
b(full)i(examples)f(of)g(device)h(driv)o(ers)e=0A=
(of)h(all)g(t)o(yp)q(es)g(are)264 2072 =
y(giv)o(en,)c(starting)g(with)g(the)g=0A=
(simplest)h(and)f(progressing)g(in)g(complexit)o(y)l(.)29 b(All)20=0A=
b(examples)264 2137 y(are)e(of)h(driv)o(ers)g(whic)o(h)h(deal)g(with)f=0A=
Fn(un)p FB(?)p Fn(x)g FH(on)g(PC-compatible)h(hardw)o(are.)31=0A=
b FD(Chapters)264 2201 y(include:)i FH(Character)20 =
b(Driv)o(ers)h(I:)g(A)g=0A=
(T)l(est)g(Data)f(Generator)g(Character)g(Driv)o(ers)h(I)q(I:)264=0A=
2266 =
y(An)f(A/D)g(Con)o(v)o(erter)f(Character)g(Driv)o(ers)h(I)q(I)q(I:)h(A)f=0A=
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2330 y(T)l(est)13 =
b(Data)f(Generator)h(Blo)q(c)o(k)h(Driv)o(ers)f(I)q(I:)i(A)=0A=
e(RAM)h(Disk)g(Driv)o(er)f(Blo)q(c)o(k)h(Driv)o(ers)f(I)q(I)q(I:)i(A)264=0A=
2394 =
y(SCSI)f(Disk)g(Driv)o(er)g(Character)e(Driv)o(ers)i(IV:)g(The)g(Ra)o(w)=0A=
f(Disk)h(Driv)o(er)g(T)l(erminal)h(Driv)o(ers)264 2459 =
y(I:)j(The)h(COM1)f(P)=0A=
o(ort)f(Character)g(Driv)o(ers)i(V:)f(A)g(T)l(ap)q(e)h(Driv)o(e)f(STREAMS=
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(Driv)o(ers)f(I:)264 2523 =
y(A)c(Lo)q(op-Bac)o(k)g(Driv)o(er)g(STREAMS)h(Driv)=0A=
o(ers)f(I)q(I:)h(The)f(COM1)g(P)o(ort)f(\(Revisited\))i(Driv)o(er)p=0A=
eop=0A=
%%Page: 123 134=0A=
123 133 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(A.2.)42 b(Annotated)20=0A=
b(Bibliograph)o(y)1045 b FH(123)264 88 y(Installation)16 =
b(Zen)f(and)h(the)f=0A=
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y(Although)h(man)o(y)f=0A=
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y(general)d(idea)h(is)g(there,)f(and)g(man)o(y)=0A=
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421 y FD(Title:)238 b FH(title)150 497 y FD(Author:)182 b FH(author)150=0A=
573 y FD(Publisher:)129 b FH(pub,yr)150 649 y FD(ISBN:)219=0A=
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880 y FC(no)16 b(abstr)n(act)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 124 135=0A=
124 134 bop 150 438 a Fv(App)s(endix)34 b(B)150 686 y Fx(T)-10=0A=
b(our)40 b(of)g(the)g(Lin)m(ux)g(k)m(ernel)h(source)150 940=0A=
y =
FD([This)g(is)f(an)g(alpha)h(release)f(of)g(a)g(c)o(hapter)h(written)g(b)=
o=0A=
(y)e(Alessandro)i(Rubini,)150 1004 y FE(rubini AT ipvvis DOT unipv DOT it)p=0A=
FD(.)e(I'm)23 =
b(including)j(it)e(here)g(as)g(it)g(gets)f(w)o(ork)o(ed)g(on)h=0A=
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b(c)o(hapter)f(tries)=0A=
g(to)g(explain)i(the)f(Lin)o(ux)g(source)g(co)q(de)g(in)g(an)f(orderly)h=0A=
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b(reader)f(to)g(ac)o(hiev)o=0A=
(e)h(a)g(go)q(o)q(d)f(understanding)i(of)e(ho)o(w)g(the)h(source)f(co)q(d=
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(is)f(laid)g(out)g(and)f(ho)o(w)150 1285 y(the)h(most)e(relev)m(an)o(t)i=0A=
(unix)h(features)e(are)g(implemen)o(ted.)35 b(The)20 b(target)e(is)i(to)f=0A=
(help)i(the)f(exp)q(erienced)150 1350 y(C)d(programmer)e(who)i(is)h(not)e=0A=
(accustomed)h(to)g(Lin)o(ux)h(in)g(getting)e(familiar)i(with)g(the)f(o)o(=
v)o=0A=
(erall)g(Lin)o(ux)150 1414 y(design.)j(That's)13 =
b(wh)o(y)g(the)h(c)o(hosen)f=0A=
(en)o(try)g(p)q(oin)o(t)h(for)f(the)h(k)o(ernel)g(tour)f(is)h(the)g(k)o=0A=
(ernel)g(o)o(wn)f(en)o(try)g(p)q(oin)o(t:)150 1478 =
y(system)i(b)q(o)q(ot.)221=0A=
1566 =
y(A)f(go)q(o)q(d)h(understanding)h(of)f(C)f(language)h(is)h(required)f=0A=
(to)g(understand)g(this)g(material,)g(as)g(w)o(ell)g(as)150=0A=
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221 1356 y(The)12 =
b(VFS)g(in)o(terface,)g(then,)h(consists)f(of)f(a)h(set)g=0A=
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-)=0A=
150 1420 =
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FE(inode)p 844 1485 V 16 w(operations)f FH(and)h FE(file)p=0A=
1298 1485 V 17 w(operations)p FH(,)e(though)i(they're)f(not)150=0A=
1549 y(alone:)20 b(other)15 b(structures)g(exist)h(as)e(w)o(ell.)21=0A=
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V 17 w(system)p 1829 1637 V 16 w(type)p FH(.)150 1701 =
y(An)i(arra)o(y)e(of)h=0A=
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FH(s)f(is)i(em)o(b)=0A=
q(o)q(died)h(within)g FE(fs/filesystems.c)c FH(and)i(it)h(is)g(refer-)150=0A=
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f(\014lling)j(a)e FE(struct)g(super)p 1002 1830 V 17 w(block)f=0A=
FH(item,)j(whic)o(h)f(in)g(turn)e(em)o(b)q(eds)i(a)f FE(struct)150=0A=
1894 y(super)p 273 1894 V 16 w(operations)13 b FH(and)h(a)g=0A=
FE(struct)23 b FC(typ)n(e)p 915 1894 V 21 w FE(sb)p 981 1894=0A=
V 17 w(info)p FH(.)18 =
b(The)d(former)e(pro)o(vides)h(p)q(oin)o(ters)h(to)e=0A=
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he)h=0A=
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2080 =
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Fj(is)h(co)q(ded)i=0A=
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2483 y(high)g(lev)o(el)h(VFS)f(op)q(erations)f(on)h(the)g(ph)o(ysical)g=0A=
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%%Page: 131 142=0A=
131 141 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(B.7.)42 b(Quic)o(k)18=0A=
b(Anatom)o(y)f(of)h(a)g(Filesystem)f(T)o(yp)q(e)742 b FH(131)150=0A=
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b(situations)f(suc)o(h)h(as)e(the)=0A=
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y(Eac)o(h)h(fs-t)o=0A=
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(to)d(its)i(o)o(wn)e(directory:)218 366 y FG(\017)23 b FH(An)15=0A=
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FH(arra)o(y)g(\()p FE(fs/filesystems.c)p FH(\);)218 468 y FG(\017)23=0A=
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FE(include/linux/)p FC(typ)n(e)p 1254 468 V 18 w FE(fs)p 1317=0A=
468 V 17 w(sb.h)p FH(\);)218 569 y FG(\017)23 b FH(The)15 b(ino)q(de)i=0A=
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569 V 19 w FE(fs)p 1212 569 V 17 w(i.h)p FH(\);)218 671 y FG(\017)23=0A=
b FH(The)15 b(generic)h(o)o(wn)f(include)j(\014le)e(\()p =
FE(include/linux/)p=0A=
FC(typ)n(e)p 1275 671 V 18 w FE(fs.h)p FH(\);)218 773 y FG(\017)23=0A=
b FH(Tw)o(o)c FE(#include)f FH(lines)k(within)f FE(include/linux/fs.h)p=0A=
FH(,)d(as)h(w)o(ell)i(as)e(the)h(en)o(tries)g(in)h FE(struct)264=0A=
837 y(super)p 387 837 V 16 w(block)15 b FH(and)g FE(struct)23=0A=
b(inode)p FH(.)221 962 y(The)18 =
b(o)o(wn)f(directory)i(for)e(the)h(fs)g(t)o=0A=
(yp)q(e)g(con)o(tains)g(all)h(the)f(real)h(co)q(de,)g(resp)q(onsible)h(of=
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(ino)q(de)j(and)150 1027 y(data)15 b(managemen)o(t.)221 1127=0A=
y Fj(The)j(c)o(hapter)i(ab)q(out)e Fs(procfs)f =
Fj(in)h(this)h(guide)f(unco)o=0A=
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y(ab)q(out)e(lo)o(w-lev)o(el)f(co)q=0A=
(de)j(and)f(VFS)f(in)o(terface)i(for)e(that)h(fs)g(t)o(yp)q(e.)30=0A=
b(Source)221 1210 y(co)q(de)13 b(in)g Fs(fs/procfs)e Fj(is)i(quite)g=0A=
(understandable)i(after)e(reading)g(the)h(c)o(hap-)221 1249=0A=
y(ter.)221 1321 y =
FH(W)l(e'll)e(no)o(w)g(lo)q(ok)g(at)f(the)h(in)o(ternal)g=0A=
(w)o(orkings)g(of)f(the)h(VFS)g(mec)o(hanism,)g(and)g(the)g=0A=
FE(minix)f FH(\014lesystem)150 1385 y(source)g(is)h(used)f(as)g(a)g(w)o=0A=
(orking)f(example.)20 b(I)11 b(c)o(hose)g(the)g FE(minix)g=0A=
FH(t)o(yp)q(e)g(b)q(ecause)h(it)f(is)h(small)f(but)h(complete;)150=0A=
1449 =
y(moreo)o(v)o(er,)e(an)o(y)g(other)g(fs)g(t)o(yp)q(e)g(in)h(Lin)o(ux)h=0A=
(deriv)o(es)f(from)e(the)i FE(minix)e FH(one.)19 b(The)10 b=0A=
FE(ext2)g FH(t)o(yp)q(e,)h(the)f(de-facto)150 1514 =
y(standard)k(in)h(recen)o=0A=
(t)f(Lin)o(ux)h(installations,)g(is)g(m)o(uc)o(h)f(more)g(complex)h(than)=
e=0A=
(that)h(and)g(its)g(exploration)150 1578 =
y(is)i(left)f(as)g(an)g(exercise)i=0A=
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(ted,)h FE(minix)p 955 1666 V 16 w(read)p 1067 1666 V 17 w(super)e=0A=
FH(\014lls)i(the)f FE(super)p 1511 1666 V 17 w(block)f =
FH(structure)h(with)=0A=
150 1730 y(data)10 b(read)g(from)f(the)i(moun)o(ted)f(device.)20=0A=
b(The)10 b FE(s)p 973 1730 V 17 w(op)g =
FH(\014eld)i(of)e(the)g(structure)g=0A=
(will)i(then)f(hold)g(a)f(p)q(oin)o(ter)h(to)150 1795 y FE(minix)p=0A=
273 1795 V 16 w(sops)p =
FH(,)i(whic)o(h)g(is)g(used)g(b)o(y)g(the)f(generic)i=0A=
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b(the)g(newly)g(moun)o(ted)g(fs)f(in)h(the)=0A=
g(global)g(system)f(tree)g(relies)i(on)f(the)f(follo)o(wing)i(data)150=0A=
1947 y(items)g(\(assuming)g FE(sb)g FH(is)h(the)f FE(super)p=0A=
821 1947 V 17 w(block)f FH(structure)h(and)g FE(dir)p 1342=0A=
1947 V 17 w(i)g FH(p)q(oin)o(ts)g(to)g(the)g(ino)q(de)h(for)f(the)150=0A=
2011 y(moun)o(t)15 b(p)q(oin)o(t\):)218 2149 y FG(\017)23 b=0A=
FE(sb->s)p 387 2149 V 16 w(mounted)47 b FH(p)q(oin)o(ts)h(to)g(the)g(ro)q=0A=
(ot-dir)g(ino)q(de)h(of)e(the)h(moun)o(ted)g(\014lesystem)264=0A=
2213 y(\()p FE(MINIX)p 405 2213 V 16 w(ROOT)p 517 2213 V 16=0A=
w(INO)p FH(\);)218 2315 y FG(\017)23 b FE(dir)p 339 2315 V=0A=
16 w(i->i)p 451 2315 V 17 w(mount)15 b FH(holds)g FE(sb->s)p=0A=
841 2315 V 17 w(mounted)p FH(;)218 2417 y FG(\017)23 b FE(sb->s)p=0A=
387 2417 V 16 w(covered)14 b FH(holds)i FE(dir)p 776 2417 V=0A=
17 w(i)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 132 143=0A=
132 142 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(B.8.)42 b(The)18=0A=
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b(will)i(ev)o(en)o(tually)f(b)q(e)f(p)q(erformed)h(b)o(y)f=0A=
FE(do)p 1262 88 15 2 v 17 w(umount)p =
FH(,)j(whic)o(h)e(in)g(turn)f(in)o(v)o=0A=
(ok)o(es)150 153 y FE(minix)p 273 153 V 16 w(put)p 361 153=0A=
V 17 w(super)p FH(.)221 241 y(Whenev)o(er)15 =
b(a)f(\014le)i(is)g(accessed,)f=0A=
FE(minix)p 905 241 V 16 w(read)p 1017 241 V 17 w(inode)f =
FH(comes)h(in)o(to)g=0A=
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b FH(structure)g(with)h(\014elds)g(coming)g(form)f FE(minix)p=0A=
1130 305 V 16 w(inode)p FH(.)41 b(The)22 b FE(inode->i)p 1612=0A=
305 V 16 w(op)g FH(\014eld)i(is)f(\014lled)150 369 y(according)15=0A=
b(to)e FE(inode->i)p 603 369 V 16 w(mode)h =
FH(and)g(it)g(is)h(resp)q(onsible)=0A=
h(for)d(an)o(y)h(further)g(op)q(eration)g(on)g(the)g(\014le.)21=0A=
b(The)150 434 y(source)15 =
b(for)g(the)g(minix)i(functions)f(just)f(describ)q=0A=
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FH(.)221 522 y(The)e FE(inode)p 437 522 V 17 w(operations)f=0A=
FH(structure)i(is)g(used)g(to)f(dispatc)o(h)h(ino)q(de)h(op)q(erations)f(=
\(y)=0A=
o(ou)f(guessed)h(it\))150 586 =
y(to)j(the)i(fs-t)o(yp)q(e)f(sp)q(eci\014c)i(k)=0A=
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is)h=0A=
(a)e(p)q(oin)o(ter)i(to)e(a)150 650 y FE(file)p 249 650 V 17=0A=
w(operations)d =
FH(item,)j(whic)o(h)g(is)f(the)g(data-managemen)o(t)f(equiv)m=0A=
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b(minix)h(fs-)150 715 y(t)o(yp)q(e)13 =
b(allo)o(ws)g(three)g(instances)h(of)f=0A=
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d)f=0A=
(for)g(sym)o(b)q(olic)150 779 =
y(links\))j(and)g(t)o(w)o(o)d(instances)j(of)f=0A=
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867 y(Directory)11 b(op)q(erations)g(\()p FE(minix)p 778 867=0A=
V 17 w(readdir)f FH(alone\))i(are)f(to)g(b)q(e)h(found)g(in)g=0A=
FE(fs/minix/dir.c)p FH(;)e(\014le)j(op-)150 931 =
y(erations)g(\(read)g(and)g=0A=
(write\))g(app)q(ear)g(within)h FE(fs/minix/file.c)d =
FH(and)i(symlink)i(op)q=0A=
(erations)e(\(reading)150 996 y(and)i(follo)o(wing)h(the)g(link\))g(in)g=0A=
FE(fs/minix/symlink.c)p FH(.)221 1083 y(The)f(rest)g(of)g(the)g(minix)h=0A=
(directory)g(implemen)o(ts)g(the)f(follo)o(wing)h(tasks:)218=0A=
1221 y FG(\017)23 b FE(bitmap.c)11 b FH(manages)h(allo)q(cation)h(and)g=0A=
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FH(fs,)g(otherwise,)264 1285 =
y(has)j(t)o(w)o(o)f(di\013eren)o(t)i(source)f=0A=
(\014les\);)218 1387 y FG(\017)23 b FE(fsynk.c)11 b =
FH(is)j(resp)q(onsible)h=0A=
(for)d(the)h FE(fsync\(\))f =
FH(system)g(calls)i(|)f(it)g(manages)g(direct,)g=0A=
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y(double)d(indirect)h(blo)q(c)o(ks)e(\(I)h(assume)e=0A=
(y)o(ou)h(kno)o(w)g(ab)q(out)g(them,)g(it's)g(common)g Fn(un)p=0A=
FB(?)p Fn(x)f FH(kno)o(wledge\);)218 1553 y FG(\017)23 b FE(namei.c)9=0A=
b =
FH(em)o(b)q(eds)i(all)g(the)f(name-related)h(ino)q(de)g(op)q(erations,)g=0A=
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b(renaming)h(and)f(linking;)218 1719 y FG(\017)23 b FE(truncate.c)13=0A=
b FH(p)q(erforms)i(truncation)h(of)e(\014les.)150 1896 y Ft(B.8)69=0A=
b(The)23 b(console)f(driv)n(er)150 2029 y FH(Being)13 =
b(the)g(main)f(I/O)h=0A=
(device)h(on)e(most)f(Lin)o(ux)j(b)q(o)o(xes,)e(the)h(console)g(driv)o(er=
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(deserv)o(es)h(some)f(atten)o(tion.)150 2094 y(The)i(source)f(co)q(de)h=0A=
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(haracter)g(driv)o(ers,)h(is)g(to)f(b)q(e)h(found)150 2158=0A=
y(in)20 b FE(drivers/char)p =
FH(,)d(and)i(w)o(e'll)h(use)f(this)g(v)o(ery)f=0A=
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2222 y(\014les.)221 2310 y(Console)13 =
b(initialization)j(is)e(p)q(erformed)f=0A=
(b)o(y)g(the)g(function)h FE(tty)p 1298 2310 V 17 w(init\(\))p=0A=
FH(,)e(in)i FE(tty)p 1607 2310 V 17 w(io.c)p FH(.)19 b(This)13=0A=
b(func-)150 2375 =
y(tion)g(is)g(only)g(concerned)g(in)h(getting)e(ma)s(jor)f=0A=
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f=0A=
(eac)o(h)150 2439 y(device)17 b(set.)i FE(con)p 451 2439 V=0A=
17 w(init\(\))p FH(,)14 b(then)i(is)f(the)h(one)f(related)g(to)g(the)g=0A=
(console,)h(and)f(resides)h(in)g FE(console.c)p FH(.)p eop=0A=
%%Page: 133 144=0A=
133 143 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(B.8.)42 b(The)18=0A=
b(console)g(driv)o(er)1175 b FH(133)221 72 y Fj(Initialization)10=0A=
b(of)i(the)h(console)f(has)h(c)o(hanged)g(quite)f(a)g(lot)g(during)g(1.1)=
g=0A=
(ev)o(o-)221 113 y(lution.)k Fs(console)p 513 113 14 2 v 14=0A=
w(init\(\))11 b Fj(has)g(b)q(een)i(detatc)o(hed)g(from)d Fs(tty)p=0A=
1187 113 V 15 w(init\(\))p Fj(,)h(and)221 155 =
y(is)k(called)g(directly)h(b)o=0A=
(y)f Fs(../../main.c)p Fj(.)21 b(The)16 =
b(virtual)f(consoles)h(are)g(no)o(w)=0A=
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y(F)l(or)d(example,)i(if)g(y)o(ou)e(distribute)j(copies)f=0A=
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(e)g(is)g(not)g(the)150 1148 =
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y Ft(C.2)69 b(T)-6 b(erms)25 b(and)j(Conditions)d(for)i(Cop)n(ying,)g=0A=
(Distribution,)e(and)322 1843 y(Mo)r(di\014cation)206 1971=0A=
y =
FH(0.)d(This)e(License)h(applies)g(to)e(an)o(y)g(program)f(or)h(other)g(w=
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(ork)g(whic)o(h)h(con)o(tains)g(a)f(notice)h(placed)264 2036=0A=
y(b)o(y)15 =
b(the)g(cop)o(yrigh)o(t)g(holder)h(sa)o(ying)f(it)g(ma)o(y)f(b)q=0A=
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2100 y(Public)k(License.)30 b(The)18 =
b(\\Program",)f(b)q(elo)o(w,)i(refers)f=0A=
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2164 y(\\w)o(ork)11 =
b(based)i(on)f(the)h(Program")e(means)h(either)h(the)g=0A=
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2229 y(cop)o(yrigh)o(t)j(la)o(w:)19 b(that)13 =
b(is)i(to)e(sa)o(y)l(,)h(a)g(w)=0A=
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(either)264 2293 =
y(v)o(erbatim)d(or)g(with)h(mo)q(di\014cations)h(and/or)e=0A=
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2357 =
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y(is)f(addressed)h(as)f(\\y)o(ou".)264 2505 y(Activities)k(other)d(than)i=0A=
(cop)o(ying,)f(distribution)i(and)f(mo)q(di\014cation)g(are)f(not)g(co)o(=
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(ered)g(b)o(y)h(this)p eop=0A=
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139 149 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(C.2.)42 b(T)l(erms)17=0A=
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b(they)f(are)f(outside)=0A=
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b(the)h(output)f(from)f(the)i(Program)e=0A=
(is)h(co)o(v)o(ered)h(only)f(if)h(its)g(con)o(ten)o(ts)e(constitute)i(a)f=
(w)o=0A=
(ork)264 217 =
y(based)d(on)h(the)f(Program)f(\(indep)q(enden)o(t)k(of)d(ha)o=0A=
(ving)h(b)q(een)g(made)g(b)o(y)f(running)i(the)e(Program\).)264=0A=
281 =
y(Whether)f(that)f(is)i(true)f(dep)q(ends)i(on)e(what)g(the)g(Program)f=0A=
(do)q(es.)206 383 y(1.)22 =
b(Y)l(ou)d(ma)o(y)f(cop)o(y)h(and)g(distribute)h(v)=0A=
o(erbatim)e(copies)i(of)f(the)g(Program's)d(source)j(co)q(de)h(as)e(y)o(o=
u)=0A=
264 448 =
y(receiv)o(e)c(it,)g(in)g(an)o(y)f(medium,)h(pro)o(vided)g(that)f(y)o=0A=
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y(on)g(eac)o(h)h(cop)o(y)f(an)h(appropriate)g(cop)o(yrigh)o(t)f(notice)h(=
and)=0A=
g(disclaimer)i(of)d(w)o(arran)o(t)o(y;)e(k)o(eep)j(in)o(tact)264=0A=
576 =
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641 =
y(an)o(y)f(other)h(recipien)o(ts)i(of)e(the)g(Program)f(a)h(cop)o(y)g(of)=0A=
f(this)i(License)h(along)e(with)h(the)f(Program.)264 724 =
y(Y)l(ou)f(ma)o(y)f=0A=
(c)o(harge)g(a)h(fee)g(for)f(the)h(ph)o(ysical)i(act)d(of)g(transferring)=
h(a)=0A=
g(cop)o(y)l(,)f(and)i(y)o(ou)e(ma)o(y)g(at)g(y)o(our)264 788=0A=
y(option)i(o\013er)g(w)o(arran)o(t)o(y)f(protection)h(in)h(exc)o(hange)f(=
for)=0A=
g(a)g(fee.)206 890 y(2.)22 b(Y)l(ou)13 =
b(ma)o(y)e(mo)q(dify)j(y)o(our)e(cop)o=0A=
(y)g(or)g(copies)i(of)e(the)h(Program)e(or)h(an)o(y)g(p)q(ortion)h(of)g(i=
t,)g=0A=
(th)o(us)f(forming)264 954 y(a)18 =
b(w)o(ork)g(based)g(on)h(the)g(Program,)e=0A=
(and)i(cop)o(y)g(and)f(distribute)i(suc)o(h)f(mo)q(di\014cations)h(or)e(w=
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(ork)264 1018 y(under)12 =
b(the)f(terms)g(of)g(Section)h(1)f(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e,)g=0A=
(pro)o(vided)h(that)f(y)o(ou)g(also)g(meet)g(all)i(of)e(these)g(condition=
s:)=0A=
306 1133 y(a.)22 =
b(Y)l(ou)c(m)o(ust)g(cause)h(the)g(mo)q(di\014ed)g(\014les)h=0A=
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1197 y(c)o(hanged)e(the)g(\014les)i(and)e(the)g(date)g(of)g(an)o(y)g(c)o=0A=
(hange.)303 1278 y(b.)23 b(Y)l(ou)13 =
b(m)o(ust)g(cause)g(an)o(y)g(w)o(ork)f=0A=
(that)h(y)o(ou)f(distribute)j(or)d(publish,)k(that)c(in)i(whole)g(or)f(in=
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(part)364 1342 =
y(con)o(tains)h(or)g(is)h(deriv)o(ed)g(from)f(the)g(Program)f=0A=
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1407 y(whole)g(at)g(no)g(c)o(harge)g(to)f(all)j(third)e(parties)h(under)g=0A=
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b(the)h(mo)q(di\014ed)h(program)e(normally)h(reads)f(commands)h(in)o=0A=
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b(cause)h(it,)g(when)g(started)e(running)j(for)e(suc)o(h)h(in)o(teractiv)=
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g(use)g(in)g(the)g(most)f(ordinary)364 1616 y(w)o(a)o(y)l(,)20=0A=
b(to)f(prin)o(t)i(or)f(displa)o(y)h(an)f(announcemen)o(t)h(including)i(an=
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(appropriate)g(cop)o(yrigh)o(t)364 1681 y(notice)15 b(and)g(a)g(notice)h=0A=
(that)e(there)h(is)g(no)g(w)o(arran)o(t)o(y)e(\(or)h(else,)i(sa)o(ying)f=0A=
(that)f(y)o(ou)h(pro)o(vide)g(a)364 1745 =
y(w)o(arran)o(t)o(y\))f(and)i(that)g=0A=
(users)g(ma)o(y)g(redistribute)h(the)f(program)g(under)h(these)f(conditio=
ns,)=0A=
364 1809 y(and)22 =
b(telling)h(the)f(user)g(ho)o(w)g(to)f(view)h(a)g(cop)o(y)f=0A=
(of)h(this)g(License.)42 b(\(Exception:)34 b(if)22 b(the)364=0A=
1874 y(Program)12 =
b(itself)j(is)f(in)o(teractiv)o(e)g(but)g(do)q(es)g(not)g=0A=
(normally)g(prin)o(t)g(suc)o(h)g(an)g(announcemen)o(t,)364=0A=
1938 =
y(y)o(our)g(w)o(ork)h(based)g(on)g(the)g(Program)f(is)i(not)f(required)h=0A=
(to)f(prin)o(t)g(an)g(announcemen)o(t.\))264 2052 =
y(These)k(requiremen)o(ts)h=0A=
(apply)g(to)e(the)h(mo)q(di\014ed)i(w)o(ork)d(as)h(a)f(whole.)33=0A=
b(If)19 b(iden)o(ti\014able)i(sections)264 2117 =
y(of)e(that)f(w)o(ork)h(are)g=0A=
(not)g(deriv)o(ed)h(from)f(the)g(Program,)g(and)g(can)h(b)q(e)g(reasonabl=
y)g=0A=
(considered)264 2181 =
y(indep)q(enden)o(t)g(and)e(separate)f(w)o(orks)g(in)i=0A=
(themselv)o(es,)g(then)f(this)g(License,)i(and)e(its)g(terms,)g(do)264=0A=
2245 y(not)f(apply)h(to)e(those)h(sections)h(when)g(y)o(ou)f(distribute)i=0A=
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y(y)o(ou)j(distribute)h(the)f(same)g(sections)h(as)f(part)g(of)f(a)h(whol=
e)h=0A=
(whic)o(h)g(is)g(a)f(w)o(ork)f(based)i(on)f(the)264 2374 y(Program,)15=0A=
b(the)i(distribution)i(of)e(the)g(whole)g(m)o(ust)g(b)q(e)h(on)f(the)g(te=
rms)=0A=
f(of)h(this)g(License,)i(whose)264 2438 y(p)q(ermissions)c(for)e(other)g=0A=
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(eac)o(h)h(and)g(ev)o(ery)264 2503 =
y(part)g(regardless)i(of)e(who)h(wrote)g=0A=
(it.)p eop=0A=
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140 150 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(C.2.)42 b(T)l(erms)17=0A=
b(and)h(Conditions)1092 b FH(140)264 88 y(Th)o(us,)22 =
b(it)f(is)h(not)f(the)g=0A=
(in)o(ten)o(t)g(of)g(this)h(section)f(to)g(claim)h(righ)o(ts)f(or)g(con)o=0A=
(test)f(y)o(our)h(righ)o(ts)g(to)264 153 y(w)o(ork)14 b(written)h(en)o=0A=
(tirely)i(b)o(y)e(y)o(ou;)g(rather,)f(the)h(in)o(ten)o(t)h(is)g(to)e=0A=
(exercise)j(the)e(righ)o(t)g(to)g(con)o(trol)g(the)264 217=0A=
y(distribution)h(of)f(deriv)m(ativ)o(e)i(or)d(collectiv)o(e)j(w)o(orks)e=0A=
(based)g(on)g(the)g(Program.)264 300 =
y(In)d(addition,)g(mere)g(aggregation)e=0A=
(of)h(another)g(w)o(ork)f(not)h(based)h(on)f(the)g(Program)f(with)i(the)f=0A=
(Pro-)264 365 y(gram)i(\(or)g(with)h(a)f(w)o(ork)g(based)h(on)g(the)g=0A=
(Program\))e(on)i(a)f(v)o(olume)h(of)g(a)f(storage)g(or)g(distribution)26=
4=0A=
429 =
y(medium)j(do)q(es)f(not)g(bring)h(the)f(other)g(w)o(ork)f(under)i(the)g=0A=
(scop)q(e)f(of)g(this)h(License.)206 531 y(3.)22 b(Y)l(ou)17=0A=
b(ma)o(y)f(cop)o(y)h(and)g(distribute)i(the)e(Program)e(\(or)h(a)h(w)o(or=
k)f=0A=
(based)i(on)f(it,)g(under)h(Section)g(2\))264 595 =
y(in)c(ob)s(ject)f(co)q(de)=0A=
h(or)g(executable)h(form)d(under)j(the)f(terms)f(of)g(Sections)h(1)g(and)=
g(2)=0A=
f(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)g(pro)o(vided)264 659 =
y(that)h(y)o(ou)h(also)g(do)g(one)h=0A=
(of)e(the)i(follo)o(wing:)306 773 y(a.)22 =
b(Accompan)o(y)c(it)h(with)g(the)g=0A=
(complete)g(corresp)q(onding)h(mac)o(hine-readable)g(source)f(co)q(de,)36=
4=0A=
838 y(whic)o(h)11 =
b(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)i(distributed)g(under)g(the)e(terms)h(of)=0A=
f(Sections)i(1)e(and)h(2)f(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)h(on)f(a)h(medium)364=0A=
902 =
y(customarily)k(used)h(for)f(soft)o(w)o(are)e(in)o(terc)o(hange;)i(or,)=0A=
303 983 y(b.)23 b(Accompan)o(y)12 =
b(it)h(with)f(a)g(written)h(o\013er,)g(v)m=0A=
(alid)h(for)d(at)h(least)h(three)f(y)o(ears,)g(to)g(giv)o(e)g(an)o(y)g(th=
ird)=0A=
364 1048 =
y(part)o(y)l(,)g(for)g(a)h(c)o(harge)g(no)g(more)f(than)h(y)o(our)g=0A=
(cost)f(of)h(ph)o(ysically)h(p)q(erforming)g(source)f(distri-)364=0A=
1112 =
y(bution,)f(a)e(complete)i(mac)o(hine-readable)g(cop)o(y)f(of)f(the)h=0A=
(corresp)q(onding)h(source)e(co)q(de,)i(to)e(b)q(e)364 1176=0A=
y(distributed)16 =
b(under)f(the)g(terms)f(of)g(Sections)h(1)f(and)h(2)f(ab)q=0A=
(o)o(v)o(e)g(on)h(a)f(medium)i(customarily)364 1241 =
y(used)f(for)g(soft)o(w)o=0A=
(are)e(in)o(terc)o(hange;)j(or,)308 1322 y(c.)23 =
b(Accompan)o(y)d(it)h(with)g=0A=
(the)g(information)g(y)o(ou)g(receiv)o(ed)g(as)g(to)f(the)h(o\013er)g(to)=
f=0A=
(distribute)364 1386 y(corresp)q(onding)d(source)f(co)q(de.)23=0A=
b(\(This)16 b(alternativ)o(e)g(is)h(allo)o(w)o(ed)f(only)h(for)e=0A=
(noncommercial)364 1450 =
y(distribution)k(and)f(only)g(if)g(y)o(ou)f(receiv)o=0A=
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1515 y(form)d(with)i(suc)o(h)f(an)g(o\013er,)g(in)h(accord)f(with)h=0A=
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y(The)i(source)f(co)q(de)i(for)e=0A=
(a)g(w)o(ork)g(means)h(the)g(preferred)g(form)f(of)g(the)h(w)o(ork)f(for)=
g=0A=
(making)h(mo)q(d-)264 1693 y(i\014cations)h(to)e(it.)29 b(F)l(or)17=0A=
b(an)h(executable)h(w)o(ork,)f(complete)g(source)g(co)q(de)h(means)f(all)=
h=0A=
(the)f(source)264 1758 y(co)q(de)j(for)e(all)j(mo)q(dules)f(it)g(con)o=0A=
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(\014les,)g(plus)264 1822 y(the)17 b(scripts)g(used)h(to)f(con)o(trol)g=0A=
(compilation)h(and)g(installation)g(of)f(the)g(executable.)27=0A=
b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)264 1886 y(as)15 =
b(a)h(sp)q(ecial)i(exception,)f(the)f=0A=
(source)g(co)q(de)h(distributed)h(need)f(not)e(include)k(an)o(ything)d(th=
at)f=0A=
(is)264 1951 y(normally)20 b(distributed)h(\(in)g(either)f(source)g(or)f=0A=
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2015 =
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le.)=0A=
264 2162 =
y(If)j(distribution)h(of)f(executable)h(or)f(ob)s(ject)f(co)q(de)h=0A=
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2227 y(a)e(designated)i(place,)g(then)f(o\013ering)h(equiv)m(alen)o(t)h=0A=
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2291 =
y(same)i(place)h(coun)o(ts)f(as)g(distribution)i(of)e(the)g(source)h(co)=0A=
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(de.)206 2457 y(4.)22 b(Y)l(ou)15 =
b(ma)o(y)g(not)g(cop)o(y)l(,)h(mo)q(dify)l=0A=
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264 2522 y(pro)o(vided)k(under)g(this)g(License.)32 b(An)o(y)18=0A=
b(attempt)g(otherwise)h(to)f(cop)o(y)l(,)h(mo)q(dify)l(,)h(sublicense)g(o=
r)p=0A=
eop=0A=
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141 151 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(C.2.)42 b(T)l(erms)17=0A=
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f(in)264 281 y(full)g(compliance.)206 383 y(5.)22 b(Y)l(ou)17=0A=
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b(not)f(resp)q(onsible)k=0A=
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1892 =
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y(It)j(is)i(not)e(the)h(purp)q(ose)g(of)g(this)g(section)g(to)f(induce)j(=
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264 2169 y(sole)13 =
b(purp)q(ose)h(of)e(protecting)i(the)f(in)o(tegrit)o(y)g=0A=
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2233 =
y(is)j(implemen)o(ted)h(b)o(y)f(public)i(license)g(practices.)k(Man)o(y)=0A=
15 b(p)q(eople)i(ha)o(v)o(e)e(made)h(generous)g(con)o(tri-)264=0A=
2297 =
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y(she)h(is)g(willing)j(to)c(distribute)i=0A=
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i=0A=
(cannot)264 2490 y(imp)q(ose)d(that)e(c)o(hoice.)p eop=0A=
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142 152 bop 150 -84 1800 3 v 150 -100 a FD(C.2.)42 b(T)l(erms)17=0A=
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b(the)f(distribution)j(and/or)d(use)h(of)f=0A=
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64=0A=
319 =
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(among)g(coun)o(tries)264 512 y(not)i(th)o(us)g(excluded.)22=0A=
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b(License)g(from)d(time)h(to)g(time.)26=0A=
b(Suc)o(h)18 =
b(new)f(v)o(ersions)g(will)i(b)q(e)f(similar)g(in)g(spirit)g(to)=0A=
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b(the)f(Program)g(sp)q(eci\014es)i(a)=0A=
264 954 y(v)o(ersion)16 =
b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)e(this)i(License)h(whic)o(h)f=0A=
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o(e)264 1018 y(the)f(option)g(of)f(follo)o(wing)i(the)e(terms)h(and)g=0A=
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1083 =
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b(y)o(ou)g(wish)h(to)f(incorp)q(orate)h(parts)e(of)h(the)h=0A=
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b(conditions)i(are)d(di\013eren)o(t,)k(write)d(to)f(the)h=0A=
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Fw(one)c(line)i(to)d(giv)o(e)i(the)f(program's)f=0A=
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