Subject: Re: Mount point not visible in ls
From: Mark Himsley <[email-masked]>
To: "Conrad Scott" <[email-masked]>
Cc: <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 07 May 2002 16:12:25 +0100

It might be that the directory /usr/bin has been deleted (or never existed)
but the mount point still exists. I think this type of thing was discussed
in the last week regarding the mounting of /proc and /proc/registry.

You should be able to check whether the /usr/bin directory exists using
Windows explorer to check (for instance) C:/cygwin/usr ...

As it happens, my system is in the same state as yours, with no directory at
/usr/bin (C:/cygwin/usr/bin). To correct this I did:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ cd /usr
$ cmd
Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195]
(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.

C:\cygwin\usr>mkdir bin
mkdir bin

C:\cygwin\usr>exit
exit
Administrator@BEDROOM:/usr
$ ls
X11R6  bin  doc  include  info  libexec  local  logs  man  sbin  share  src
ssl  tmp
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

I had to shell out to cmd and not do it in bash because cygwin thinks there
is a bin (it's just too mean to show you).

$ mkdir bin
mkdir: cannot create directory `bin': File exists

Hope that helps.

On Mon, 6 May 2002 16:53:51 +0100 you wrote:

>I'm befuddled and I can't find anything on any of the cygwin mailing lists
>to help me, so I hope someone here can spot my mistake.
>
>My system has been working fine for a long time but just recently I noticed
>that when I do an `ls' of `/usr' or `echo /usr/*', `/usr/bin' doesn't show
>up. It's there (if I do, for example, `ls -d /usr/bin') but in some way
>invisible. Strangely `/usr/lib' is shows up fine, despite its mount
>information being identical to that for `/usr/bin', AFAICT. I've appended
>some sample output to the end of the email (along with the `cygcheck'
>output).
>
>I was running a build of the latest CVS cygwin1.dll when I noticed this but
>the effect persists under the latest release version (i.e., 1.3.10-1).
>Otherwise I'm running current releases on W2K.
>
>Any ideas?
>
>// Conrad
>
>$ ls /usr
>GNUstep  X11R6    doc i686-pc-cygwin info  libexec  logs  sbin   src  tmp
>LessTif  autotool  etc include  lib   local    man   share  ssl
>
>$ ls -ld /usr/bin
>drwxrwxrwx    3 Administ Administ   110592 May  6 14:18 /usr/bin
>
>$ mount
>C:\cygwin\usr\X11R6\lib\X11\fonts on /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts type system
>(binmode)
>C:\cygwin\bin on /usr/bin type system (binmode)
>C:\cygwin\lib on /usr/lib type system (binmode)
>C:\cygwin on / type system (binmode)
>c: on /c type system (binmode,noumount)
>
>$ cygcheck -s -r -v
>
>Cygwin Win95/NT Configuration Diagnostics
>Current System Time: Mon May 06 16:45:04 2002
>
>Windows 2000 Professional Ver 5.0 Build 2195 Service Pack 2
>
>Path: C:\cygwin\usr\local\bin
> C:\cygwin\bin
> c:\j2sdk1.4.0-beta3\bin
> c:\progra~1\MiKTeX\miktex\bin
> c:\gs\gs7.03\bin
> c:\gs\gs7.03\lib
> c:\progra~1\Adobe\acroba~1.0\Reader
> c:\Ghostgum\gsview
> c:\TeX4ht
> c:\progra~1\apache~1\Apache2\bin
> c:\WINNT\system32
> c:\WINNT
> c:\WINNT\system32\WBEM
> C:\cygwin\home\scottc\bin
>
>SysDir: C:\WINNT\System32
>WinDir: C:\WINNT
>
>CYGWIN = `ntsec tty'
>C_INCLUDE_PATH = `C:\cygwin\usr\local\i686-pc-cygwin\include'
>HOME = `C:\cygwin\home\scottc'
>LIBRARY_PATH = `C:\cygwin\usr\local\i686-pc-cygwin\lib\'
>MAKE_MODE = `unix'
>PWD = `/home/scottc'
>USER = `scottc'
>
>ALLUSERSPROFILE = `C:\Documents and Settings\All Users'
>APPDATA = `C:\Documents and Settings\scottc\Application Data'
>CLASSPATH = `C:\cygwin\home\scottc\java'
>CM_PATH = `C:\sml\lib'
>COMMONPROGRAMFILES = `C:\Program Files\Common Files'
>COMPUTERNAME = `BABEL'
>COMSPEC = `C:\WINNT\system32\cmd.exe'
>CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH = `C:\cygwin\usr\local\i686-pc-cygwin\include'
>EMACS = `t'
>HOMEDRIVE = `C:'
>HOMEPATH = `\'
>LOGONSERVER = `\\BABEL'
>MANPATH = `:/usr/local/i686-pc-cygwin/man:/usr/ssl/man'
>MKTEXMF = `c:\cygwin\usr\local\texmf'
>NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS = `1'
>OBJC_INCLUDE_PATH = `C:\cygwin\usr\local\i686-pc-cygwin\include'
>OS2LIBPATH = `C:\WINNT\system32\os2\dll;'
>OS = `Windows_NT'
>PATHEXT = `.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH'
>PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE = `x86'
>PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER = `x86 Family 6 Model 8 Stepping 6, GenuineIntel'
>PROCESSOR_LEVEL = `6'
>PROCESSOR_REVISION = `0806'
>PROGRAMFILES = `C:\Program Files'
>SHLVL = `1'
>SYSTEMDRIVE = `C:'
>SYSTEMROOT = `C:\WINNT'
>TEMP = `c:\DOCUME~1\scottc\LOCALS~1\Temp'
>TERM = `emacs'
>TERMCAP = `emacs:co#80:tc=unknown:'
>TEXMF = `/c/progra~1/MiKTeX'
>TMP = `c:\DOCUME~1\scottc\LOCALS~1\Temp'
>TMPDIR = `C:\cygwin\tmp\scottc'
>USERDOMAIN = `BABEL'
>USERNAME = `scottc'
>USERPROFILE = `C:\Documents and Settings\scottc'
>WINDIR = `C:\WINNT'
>_ = `/usr/local/bin/cygcheck'
>
>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Cygnus Solutions
>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Cygnus Solutions\Cygwin
>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Cygnus Solutions\Cygwin\mounts v2
>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Cygnus Solutions\Cygwin\Program Options
>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\FileExt
>s\.de/pub/pc/gnuwin32/cygwin/mirrors/cygnus/latest/
>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\FileExt
>s\.de/pub/pc/gnuwin32/cygwin/mirrors/cygnus/latest/\OpenWithList
>  (default) = `IEXPLORE.EXE'
>  MRUList = `a'
>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\MenuOrd
>er\Start Menu\Programs\Cygnus Solutions
>  (default) = (unsupported type)
>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Cygnus Solutions
>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Cygnus Solutions\Cygwin
>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Cygnus Solutions\Cygwin\mounts v2
>  (default) = `/'
>  cygdrive flags = 0x0000002a
>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Cygnus Solutions\Cygwin\mounts v2\/
>  (default) = `C:\cygwin'
>  flags = 0x0000000a
>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Cygnus Solutions\Cygwin\mounts v2\/usr/bin
>  (default) = `C:\cygwin/bin'
>  flags = 0x0000000a
>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Cygnus Solutions\Cygwin\mounts v2\/usr/lib
>  (default) = `C:\cygwin/lib'
>  flags = 0x0000000a
>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Cygnus Solutions\Cygwin\mounts
>v2\/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts
>  (default) = `C:\cygwin\usr\X11R6\lib\X11\fonts'
>  flags = 0x0000000a
>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Cygnus Solutions\Cygwin\Program Options
>
>a:  fd           N/A    N/A
>c:  hd  NTFS   19092Mb  93% CP CS UN PA FC
>d:  cd           N/A    N/A
>
>C:\cygwin                          /                         system  binmode
>C:\cygwin/bin                      /usr/bin                  system  binmode
>C:\cygwin/lib                      /usr/lib                  system  binmode
>C:\cygwin\usr\X11R6\lib\X11\fonts  /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts  system  binmode
>.                                  /                         user
>binmode,noumount
>
>Found: C:\cygwin\bin\bash.exe
>Found: C:\cygwin\bin\cat.exe
>Found: C:\cygwin\bin\cpp.exe
>Found: C:\cygwin\bin\find.exe
>Found: C:\cygwin\bin\gcc.exe
>Found: C:\cygwin\bin\gdb.exe
>Found: C:\cygwin\bin\ld.exe
>Found: C:\cygwin\bin\ls.exe
>Found: C:\cygwin\bin\make.exe
>Found: C:\cygwin\bin\sh.exe
>
>   54k 2002/01/27 C:\cygwin\bin\cygbz21.0.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygbz21.0.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/1/27 1:07
>  621k 2002/01/16 C:\cygwin\bin\cygcrypto.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygcrypto.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/1/16 9:54
>  108k 2002/04/15 C:\cygwin\bin\cygcurl-2.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygcurl-2.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/4/15 19:25
>   50k 2002/03/17 C:\cygwin\bin\cygexslt-0.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygexslt-0.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/3/17 6:24
>   45k 2001/04/25 C:\cygwin\bin\cygform5.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygform5.dll" v0.0 ts=2001/4/25 6:28
>   35k 2002/01/09 C:\cygwin\bin\cygform6.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygform6.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/1/9 6:03
>   19k 2002/02/20 C:\cygwin\bin\cyggdbm.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cyggdbm.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/2/20 3:05
>   17k 2001/06/28 C:\cygwin\bin\cyghistory4.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cyghistory4.dll" v0.0 ts=2001/1/7 4:34
>   20k 2002/01/13 C:\cygwin\bin\cyghistory5.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cyghistory5.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/1/13 1:27
>  306k 2002/04/27 C:\cygwin\bin\cyghttpd.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cyghttpd.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/4/27 14:23
>   22k 2001/12/13 C:\cygwin\bin\cygintl-1.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygintl-1.dll" v0.0 ts=2001/12/13 9:28
>   21k 2001/06/20 C:\cygwin\bin\cygintl.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygintl.dll" v0.0 ts=2001/6/20 18:09
>   45k 2002/02/08 C:\cygwin\bin\cygjbig1.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygjbig1.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/2/7 23:59
>  119k 2002/02/09 C:\cygwin\bin\cygjpeg6b.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygjpeg6b.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/2/9 5:19
>   25k 2002/03/17 C:\cygwin\bin\cygltdl-3.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygltdl-3.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/3/17 16:44
>   26k 2001/04/25 C:\cygwin\bin\cygmenu5.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygmenu5.dll" v0.0 ts=2001/4/25 6:27
>   20k 2002/01/09 C:\cygwin\bin\cygmenu6.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygmenu6.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/1/9 6:03
>  156k 2001/04/25 C:\cygwin\bin\cygncurses++5.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygncurses++5.dll" v0.0 ts=2001/4/25 6:29
>  175k 2002/01/09 C:\cygwin\bin\cygncurses++6.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygncurses++6.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/1/9 6:03
>  226k 2001/04/25 C:\cygwin\bin\cygncurses5.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygncurses5.dll" v0.0 ts=2001/4/25 6:17
>  202k 2002/01/09 C:\cygwin\bin\cygncurses6.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygncurses6.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/1/9 6:03
>   15k 2001/04/25 C:\cygwin\bin\cygpanel5.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygpanel5.dll" v0.0 ts=2001/4/25 6:27
>   12k 2002/01/09 C:\cygwin\bin\cygpanel6.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygpanel6.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/1/9 6:03
>   40k 2001/11/21 C:\cygwin\bin\cygpcre.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygpcre.dll" v0.0 ts=2001/11/21 22:15
>   39k 2001/11/21 C:\cygwin\bin\cygpcreposix.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygpcreposix.dll" v0.0 ts=2001/11/21 22:15
>  171k 2002/04/19 C:\cygwin\bin\cygpng10.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygpng10.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/4/19 12:51
>  170k 2002/01/21 C:\cygwin\bin\cygpng2.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygpng2.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/1/21 1:05
>  108k 2001/06/28 C:\cygwin\bin\cygreadline4.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygreadline4.dll" v0.0 ts=2001/1/7 4:34
>  121k 2002/01/13 C:\cygwin\bin\cygreadline5.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygreadline5.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/1/13 1:27
>   66k 2001/11/20 C:\cygwin\bin\cygregex.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygregex.dll" v0.0 ts=2001/11/20 14:44
>  156k 2002/01/16 C:\cygwin\bin\cygssl.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygssl.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/1/16 9:54
>  491k 2002/04/11 C:\cygwin\bin\cygtcl83.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygtcl83.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/4/11 22:17
>    5k 2002/04/11 C:\cygwin\bin\cygtclpip83.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>  253k 2002/02/10 C:\cygwin\bin\cygtiff3.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygtiff3.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/2/10 8:34
>  201k 2002/04/11 C:\cygwin\bin\cygtix4183.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygtix4183.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/4/11 22:20
>  762k 2002/04/11 C:\cygwin\bin\cygtk83.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygtk83.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/4/11 22:18
> 1248k 2002/03/17 C:\cygwin\bin\cygxml2-2.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygxml2-2.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/3/17 3:45
>   41k 2002/01/20 C:\cygwin\bin\cygXpm-noX4.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygXpm-noX4.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/1/20 18:49
>   46k 2002/01/20 C:\cygwin\bin\cygXpm-X4.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygXpm-X4.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/1/20 18:50
>  152k 2002/03/17 C:\cygwin\bin\cygxslt-1.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygxslt-1.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/3/17 6:19
>   15k 2002/03/17 C:\cygwin\bin\cygxsltbreakpoint-1.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0
>sys=4.0
>                  "cygxsltbreakpoint-1.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/3/17 6:24
>   50k 2002/03/12 C:\cygwin\bin\cygz.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygz.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/3/12 4:38
>  751k 2002/02/25 C:\cygwin\bin\cygwin1.dll - os=4.0 img=1.0 sys=4.0
>                  "cygwin1.dll" v0.0 ts=2002/2/25 16:14
>    Cygwin DLL version info:
>        DLL version: 1.3.10
>        DLL epoch: 19
>        DLL bad signal mask: 19005
>        DLL old termios: 5
>        DLL malloc env: 28
>        API major: 0
>        API minor: 51
>        Shared data: 3
>        DLL identifier: cygwin1
>        Mount registry: 2
>        Cygnus registry name: Cygnus Solutions
>        Cygwin registry name: Cygwin
>        Program options name: Program Options
>        Cygwin mount registry name: mounts v2
>        Cygdrive flags: cygdrive flags
>        Cygdrive prefix: cygdrive prefix
>        Cygdrive default prefix:
>        Build date: Mon Feb 25 11:14:34 EST 2002
>        Shared id: cygwin1S3
>
>
>Cygwin Package Information
>Last downloaded files to: C:\cygwin\home\ftp\cygwin
>Last downloaded files from:
>ftp://ftp.mirror.ac.uk/sites/sources.redhat.com/pub/cygwin
>
>Package             Version
>WindowMaker         0.80.0-1
>XFree86-base        4.2.0-1
>XFree86-bin         4.2.0-1
>XFree86-doc         4.2.0-1
>XFree86-etc         4.2.0-1
>XFree86-f100        4.2.0-2
>XFree86-fcyr        4.2.0-2
>XFree86-fenc        4.2.0-2
>XFree86-fnts        4.2.0-2
>XFree86-fscl        4.2.0-2
>XFree86-fsrv        4.2.0-1
>XFree86-html        4.2.0-1
>XFree86-jdoc        4.2.0-1
>XFree86-lib         4.2.0-2
>XFree86-man         4.2.0-1
>XFree86-nest        4.2.0-1
>XFree86-prog        4.2.0-1
>XFree86-prt         4.2.0-1
>XFree86-ps          4.2.0-1
>XFree86-startup-scripts4.2.0-1
>XFree86-vfb         4.2.0-1
>XFree86-xserv       4.2.0-2
>apache              1.3.24-3
>ash                 20020131-1
>autoconf            2.53-1
>autoconf-devel      2.53-1
>autoconf-stable     2.13-4
>automake            1.6a-1
>automake-devel      1.6-1
>automake-stable     1.4p5-5
>bash                2.05a-3
>bc                  1.06-1
>binutils            20011002-1
>bison               1.35-1
>byacc               1.9-1
>bzip2               1.0.2-1
>cgoban              1.9.12-1
>clear               1.0-1
>compface            1.4-5
>cpio                2.4.2
>cron                3.0.1-6
>crypt               1.0-1
>ctags               5.2-1
>curl                7.9.6-1
>cvs                 1.11.0-1
>cygrunsrv           0.95-1
>cygutils            1.0.0-1
>cygwin              1.3.10-1
>cygwin-doc          1.0-1
>dejagnu             20010117-1
>diff                0.0
>ed                  0.2-1
>enscript            1.6.3-2
>expect              20010117-1
>figlet              2.2-1
>file                3.37-1
>fileutils           4.1-1
>findutils           4.1
>flex                2.5.4-1
>fortune             1.8-2
>gawk                3.0.4-1
>gcc                 2.95.3-5
>gdb                 20020411-1
>gdbm                1.8.0-4
>gettext             0.10.40-1
>gnugo               3.2-1
>gperf               0.0
>grep                2.5-1
>groff               1.17.2-1
>gzip                1.3.2-1
>indent              2.2.7-2
>inetutils           1.3.2-17
>irc                 20010101-1
>jbigkit             1.2-6
>jpeg                6b-7
>keychain            1.8-1
>less                374-1
>lesstif             0.93.18-1
>libPropList         0.10.1-1
>libbz2_0            1.0.2-1
>libintl             0.10.38-3
>libintl1            0.10.40-1
>libncurses5         5.2-1
>libncurses6         5.2-8
>libpng              1.0.13-1
>libpng10            1.0.13-1
>libpng10-devel      1.0.13-1
>libpng2             1.0.12-1
>libreadline4        4.1-2
>libreadline5        4.2a-1
>libtool             20020202a-1
>libtool-devel       20020316-1
>libtool-stable      1.4.2-2
>libxml2             2.4.17-1
>libxslt             1.0.13-1
>links               0.96-1
>login               1.4-3
>lynx                2.8.4-1
>m4                  0.0
>make                3.79.1-6
>man                 1.5g-2
>mingw               20010917-1
>mingw-runtime       1.3-2
>mktemp              1.4-1
>more                2.11o-1
>mt                  2.0.1-1
>mutt                1.2.5i-6
>nano                1.0.7-1
>ncftp               3.1.3-1
>ncurses             5.2-8
>newlib-man          20001118-1
>openbox             0.99.1-2
>opengl              1.1.0-6
>openssh             3.1p1-1
>openssl             0.9.6c-3
>openssl-devel       0.9.6c-2
>patch               2.5-3
>pcre                3.7-1
>perl                5.6.1-2
>pine                4.44-1
>pkgconfig           0.12.0-1
>popt                1.6.2-1
>postgresql          7.2.1-1
>python              2.2-1
>rcs                 5.7-3
>readline            4.2a-1
>regex               4.4-2
>robots              2.0-1
>rsync               2.5.5-1
>rxvt                2.7.2-10
>sed                 3.02-1
>sh-utils            2.0-2
>sharutils           4.2.1-2
>shutdown            1.2-2
>squid               2.4-STABLE20010508
>ssmtp               2.38.7-3
>swig                1.3.11-1
>tar                 1.13.19-1
>tcltk               20001125-1
>tcsh                6.11.00-4
>termcap             20020403-1
>terminfo            5.2-1
>texinfo             4.1-1
>textutils           2.0.21-1
>tiff                3.5.7-1
>time                1.7-1
>ttcp                19980512-1
>ucl                 1.01-1
>units               1.77-1
>unzip               5.41-1
>upx                 1.20-1
>vim                 6.1-2
>w32api              1.3-2
>wget                1.8.1-1
>which               1.5-1
>whois               4.5.17-1
>xpm                 4.0.0-2
>xpm-nox             4.2.0-1
>zip                 2.3-1
>zlib                1.1.4-1
>
>Use -h to see help about each section

-- 
Mark Himsley
In Acton

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